The Differences Between Homeland Security And Homeland...

In the first half of this paper, I will be discussing the difference between Homeland Security and Homeland Defense. I will be discussing the different roles that each department handles, which include each departments missions, tasks, duties, responsibilities, operations and other various issues that separate the two. I will also address the responsibilities of both homeland security and Homeland Defense that are shared between the two. Then I will use this information to provide my own description of Homeland Security. In the second half of this paper, I will be assessing the Critical Infrastructure protection programs of the United States. National Infrastructure Protection Plan as â€Å"Systems and assets, whether physical or virtual, so vital that the incapacity or destruction of such may have a debilitating impact on the security, economy, public health or safety, environment, or any combination of these matters, across any Federal, State, regional, territorial, or local jurisdiction† (DHS 2009, 109). From this definition, one can reasonably presume that protection of these assets is vital to the well being of the United States and as such is an essential element of homeland security. (U.S. Department of Homeland Security, 2009) I will then provide my assessment on what I feel is working and what could be improved in our Critical Infrastructure. I will finish this paper by giving conclusions and my final opinion on both Homeland Security versus Homeland Defense, and howShow MoreRelatedHomeland Security And The Security1435 Words   |  6 PagesDifferences The idea of securing the nation’s borders and securing the safety of the citizens has been a major topic since the beginning of the nation’s existence. There have always been means and procedures for it but it was never defined to the point it is today. The Homeland Security Department is a fairly new program which is constantly improving and adjusting in accordance to the threats that may arise. In the attempt to secure the United States, homeland security has become paramount and aRead MoreThe Preservation Of Life And The Right1557 Words   |  7 Pagestyranny, a voice that shouts through oppression and a sense of order through the cloud dysfunction and discombobulation. It is essential to understand what the essence of freedom encompasses as the nation drives forward in its examples of both security and defense for the world to emulate. The United States continues to become the focal point of attacks by an enemy who sees America as a â€Å"cesspool of evil† that needs to be eradicated. This hatred is not limited to one region or area of the world or itsRead MoreU.s. National Security Strategies And Policies1231 Words   |  5 PagesFor this progress assignment I would like to describe homeland security as it is defined in the various U.S. national security strategies and policies. In addition I would like to speak to the difference between Homeland Security and Homeland Defense to include mission areas, task, operational responsibilities, and coordinating efforts. Homeland Security The establishment of the Department of Homeland security is, undoubtedly, a result of the lessons learned and identification of the need to protectRead MoreHomeland Security And Homeland Defense1068 Words   |  5 PagesHomeland security/Homeland Defense is something that we as Americans needed to have established to keep us safe from enemies foreign and domestic. The homeland security came into the light after the horrible attacks that happened here in the United states on September 11th 2001, when the world trade centers were viciously attacked by terrorist that hijacked planes. These attacks not only made the US government establish a type of security that we needed, it made it establish a type of program thatRead MoreFour Types of Research646 Words   |  3 PagesStates are the U.S Department of Homeland Securities and the National Guard. The purpose of the U.S. Department of Homeland Securities is to protect the country the various threats. In response to the 9/11 attacks on U.S. soil, this department was created to respond to terrorist attack, human attacks and natural disasters. Some of the department jobs include aviation, border security, emergency response, cybersecurity and chemical inspections (Homeland Security, 2011). It main is to provide safetyRead MoreSecurity Of The Nation And The Protection Of Life, Liberty And Happiness2288 Words   |  10 PagesThe security of the nation and the protection of life, liberty and happiness is paramount in the eyes of all that call America home. America relies on the constant vigilance of organizations that develop intelligence to foresee and thwart the enemies who want to do harm on the innocent and tarnish an image of both prosperity and tranquility. Intelligence and Homeland Security play vital roles in ensuring plans are in place to act in case a situation arises. Without the required intelligence, HomelandRead MoreHomeland Security : The United States And Law Enforcement3125 Words   |  13 Pagesmuch detail information about Homeland Security in the United States and law enforcement and how they are integrated. I hope after reading this paper you will be well informed on the duties and responsibilities of these agencies. People have always lived in fear but with the help of these agencies we will no longer have to live in fear. I will try to give as much detail information as possible to help with any problems or situation that might come up. Homeland Security in the United States and lawRead MoreThe First Article Argues That We Should Not Increase Our1298 Words   |  6 PagesThe first article argues that we should not increase our defense spending. Jake Novak, is a senior columnist for CNBC.com and is the author of the article. Novak says that President Trump could buy more jets, ships and military technology like he plans to do withou t raising the budget. He says that the United States spends over $155 billion per year to maintain our overseas military bases. He doesn t propose that we should eliminate all of the approximately 800 military installations we have inRead MorePaper984 Words   |  4 Pages History of Law Enforcement When discussing the history of law enforcement, it is best we start with the invasion of England in 1066 by the Duke of Normandy, William the Conqueror. William bought with him some ideas of policing, where security was considered far more important than freedom. William divided England into five areas, with five separate militaries. An officer was placed in each area. Thus, he created marshal law (Barefoots World, 1997). In 1116, Henry I, son ofRead MoreDepartment of Homeland Security: Protecting American Security3557 Words   |  15 PagesIntroduction The security of the United States and living without being under a constant threat should be very important to all citizens and those who visit this country. The research revealed some interesting facts, it is impossible to secure every commercial building, airport, bridge, bypass, and government building. One element of the security is that terrorists will not have the ability to attack every place in the United States. However, everything is a possible target and terrorists want

The Real Monster in Frankestein by Mary Shelley - 1000 Words

In most readers’ minds, there seems to be no doubt as to who the real monster is in Frankenstein. The definition of the word â€Å"monster† is â€Å"any fictional creature, usually found in legends or horror fiction that is often hideous and may produce fear or physical harm by either its appearance or its actions† (Powell, 182). The creature that Frankenstein created was not only physically hideous but also murdered many innocent human beings. However, when we look beyond his physical appearance and start understanding the reasons behind his actions, we begin to realize that the monster is not the real monster in the story, his creator is. Although Victor Frankenstein creates a monster in the novel, he himself becomes the real monster throughout the process. Frankenstein was written in a time when romanticism and realism were two competing styles of cultural thought and practice. Realism was intended to convey the real experience of other people or cultures, whereas romanticism focused on the heroic power of an individual. Romantics’ work focused on nature, mysticism, and magic. Romantics were also quite suspicious of the science industry and technology, which is something we can clearly observe in Mary Shelley’s Frankenstein. This novel is filled with the heroic power of an individual but also filled with troubling questions about science. After Luigi Galvani, professor of Medicine and Anatomy at the University of Bologna, published his research on animal electricity in 1791,

One Country, Two Systems Free Essays

string(48) " system of accountability for senior officials\." One country, two systems â€Å"One country, two systems† is an idea originally proposed by Deng Xiaoping, then Paramount Leader of the People’s Republic of China (PRC), for the reunification of China during the early 1980s. He suggested that there would be only one China, but areas such as Hong Kong, Macau and Taiwan could have their own capitalist economic and political systems, while the rest of China uses the â€Å"socialist† system. However, Deng rejected the proposed use of such a system for territories that are already under de facto PRC rule, such as Tibet. We will write a custom essay sample on One Country, Two Systems or any similar topic only for you Order Now In the following research paper, the topic will be discussed in two different perspectives, both Hong Kong and Macau. Hong Kong Hong Kong’s stability and continued development as an international city since reunification in July 1997 have depended upon the successful implementation of the principle of ‘One Country, Two Systems’. This framework ensures that Hong Kong retains its distinct identity and strengths as an international business, financial, shipping and aviation centre. The ‘four pillars’ of Hong Kong’s success remain as relevant and important today as they did five, 10 or 15 years ago. These are: the common law system upheld by an independent judiciary; the free and unfettered flow of information; a level playing field for business; and, a clean, respected civil service. The Basic Law, Hong Kong’s constitutional document, has provided the constitutional basis upon which the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region has continued to protect its capitalist system, as well as the way of life, the rights and freedoms of its residents. These include: equality before the law, private ownership of property, freedom of assembly, freedom of movement, freedom of religious belief, freedom of academic research and freedom to join trade unions. The courts continue to administer justice independently, while Hong Kong’s own police, immigration, customs and excise and anti-corruption officers have remained responsible for maintaining law and order in the SAR. Hong Kong continues to maintain its previous economic system. It has maintained its renowned, business-friendly, low-tax system and its own currency, which has been linked to the US Dollar at a rate of US$1 to HK$7. 0 since October 1983. Mainland leaders have scrupulously adhered to a ‘hands off’ approach, allowing Hong Kong people to administer their own affairs (except defense and foreign affairs) with the promised high degree of autonomy. As always, Hong Kong people have been quick to speak up if they have perceived that their rights and freedoms, or the systems underpinning Hong Kong society, are in any way being compromised or undermined. Hong Kong people have taken very seriously their role in shaping the SAR and the society in which they live. This has resulted in greater demands from the public and the legislature for an open, accountable and more efficient government. Hong Kong has continued to play an important role in international affairs. It remains an active member, in its own right using the name ‘Hong Kong, China’, of the World Trade Organization, the World Customs Organization, the Asia-Pacific Economic Co-operation (APEC) forum and the Asian Development Bank and as an associate member of the Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific (ESCAP) of the United Nations. Hong Kong’s presidency of the Financial Action Task Force (FATF) on Money Laundering in 2001-02 allowed the SAR to take a leading role in the international fight against terrorist financing in the wake of the September 11 terrorists attacks in the United States. At an Extraordinary Plenary Meeting, chaired by Hong Kong in Washington D. C. in late October 2001, the FATF’s remit was expanded beyond money laundering to focus expertise on a world-wide effort to combat terrorist financing. A wide range of special recommendations adopted at the meeting will deny terrorists and their supporters’ access to the international financial system. Representatives of the HKSAR Government have also continued to participate, as members of delegations of the People’s Republic of China, in international organizations and conferences limited to states, such as the International Monetary Fund, the World Intellectual Property Organization, the International Civil Aviation Organization and the International Telecommunications Union. There are more than 130 binding bilateral agreements between the HKSAR and over 50 countries throughout the world. Areas covered in these agreements include air services, visa abolition, investment promotion and protection, surrender of fugitive offenders, mutual legal assistance in criminal matters, transfer of sentenced persons, customs co-operation, and co-operation on information technology and avoidance of double taxation. Hong Kong has also entered into non-binding arrangements with other foreign states, regions and international organizations. These arrangements are often in the form of a memorandum of understanding and cover a spectrum of topics from co-operation in information and communication technology, environmental protection to cultural exchanges. More than 200 multi-lateral treaties apply to the Hong Kong SAR (of which more than 80 do not apply to the Mainland). They cover many areas such as international crimes, private international law, customs, marine pollution, science and technology, civil aviation, merchant shipping, intellectual property, health, investment, trade and industry, postal services, labor issues, human rights, transport and telecommunications. Hong Kong is home to a large consular corps and several important international organizations. At the end of March 2002, there were 55 consulates general in Hong Kong, 46 honorary consuls and six semi-officials missions. The United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees, the European Union, and the Bank for International Settlements, the International Monetary Fund and the International Finance Corporation/World Bank all maintain a presence in Hong Kong. Five years after 1997, ‘One Country, Two Systems’ is firmly in place and ‘Hong Kong people running Hong Kong’ is part of everyday life. With the election of the Chief Executive by an electoral college, a fully-elected legislature and an aggressive, critical media, government operations and policies have been subjected to increasing public scrutiny and pressure. In his Policy Address in October 2001, the Chief Executive Mr. Tung Chee Hwa outlined the government’s initial thinking on ways to improve the system of accountability for senior officials. You read "One Country, Two Systems" in category "Papers" Detailed plans to take effect from July 1, 2002 were subsequently unveiled by Mr. Tung on April 17, 2002. The new system is designed to more clearly define the roles, powers and responsibilities of top government officials. It would also build on the civil service’s existing strengths such as permanency, professionalism, neutrality, efficiency and freedom from corruption. Under the present government structure, civil servants play a critical role in the governing team. Policies are formulated by Directors of Bureau (often referred to as Policy Secretaries) and endorsed by the Executive Council (ExCo). Legislation and public expenditure relating to such policy initiatives needs to be scrutinized and passed by LegCo before being implemented by various bureau and departments. During this process, Directors of Bureau have inevitably taken on a political role, which does not gel with the traditional role of the civil service. Civil servants are generally employed on permanent terms. The question is how to improve accountability while at the same time recognize the importance of an impartial, permanent civil service. The new system of accountability announced by Mr. Tung aims to solve this conundrum. Under the new system, the Chief Secretary for Administration, the Financial Secretary, the Secretary for Justice and Directors of Bureau will no longer be civil servants but will be appointed on contract terms. They will be accountable to the Chief Executive for the success or failure of matters falling within their portfolios. Significantly, they will all be appointed to the Executive Council to play a direct role in the process of deciding on government policies as well as collectively allocating the resources within the government as a whole. Because of this, government’s work will become more streamlined and efficient. This will also provide a better co-ordination in the formulation and implementation of policies. These new Principal Officials will assist the Chief Executive in developing and shaping policies, overseeing the implementation of policies, monitoring the delivery of services by executive departments and explaining developments within their portfolios to gain public support. They will respond to LegCo questions, introduce bills and take part in LegCo motion debates. They will attend meetings of LegCo Panels, subcommittees and committees to participate in discussions on important policies. The new accountability system is consistent with the Basic Law under which Principal Officials are nominated by the Chief Executive for appointment by the Central People’s Government. At the policy bureau level they will be supported by Permanent Secretaries, very experienced senior civil servants, in analyzing and defending policies, steering executive departments and managing human and financial resources. Below the policy bureau level, various departments will remain responsible for implementing policies and delivering public services. With a clearer definition of roles, these Principal Officials will operate at the political level while civil servants will be loyal to the government of the day and maintain political neutrality. The merits of the new system are that the Principal Officials’ roles and responsibilities are better defined and that they will need to be more accountable to enlist the support of the legislature and the public. The new system responds to increasing public calls for a higher degree of accountability for principal officials, while maintaining the structure, role and ethos of the civil service. The civil service system will remain intact and there will continue to be a permanent, stable, meritocratic, professional and politically neutral civil service. The new group of Principal Officials will proactively gauge public opinion and strengthen communication with the public to gain a better understanding of community needs and to devise policies fulfilling these needs. They will work more closely with the legislature, proactively seek the views of LegCo members and strengthen communication with the LegCo to ensure a better working relationship between the Executive and Legislature. The new Principal Officials will be able to focus more attention on public demands and needs, and will be able to operate free from the restrictions imposed on civil servants. Macau The development of Macao since its return to the motherland demonstrated the strong vitality of the â€Å"one country, two systems† concept, said Edmund Ho Hau Wah, chief executive of Macao Special Administrative Region (SAR) in a special press interview. The concept was proposed by then Chinese leader Deng Xiaoping in the early 1980s for the reunification of China. Under the mechanism, Macao retained its capitalist systems after returning to the motherland on Dec. 20, 1999. The per capita GDP of Macao residents in 2008 reached 39,000 U. S. dollars, almost three times the average before its return, according to World Bank figures. The central government adopted a series of measures to support Macao’s development. In two meetings with Edmund Ho Hau-wah in December 2008, President Hu Jintao and Premier Wen Jiabao said the central government would fully support Macao in dealing with the challenges brought about by the global financial crisis. At the end of last year, the central government launched nine measures covering finance, infrastructure, and regional cooperation, funding Macao’s small-and-medium-sized enterprises, ensuring Macao’s food supply, to help Macao tide over the economic downturn and promote integration of the Pearl River Delta region, which includes Guangdong Province, Hong Kong and Macao. Macao’s water supply is at risk of salinization due to drought upriver. The central government and Macao’s neighboring province shave adopted relief measures, including the construction of hydroelectric projects to ensure the long-term supply of drinking water to Macao. Government statistics show more than 33 million mainland tourists have visited Macao since 2004 and have generated an estimated revenue of more than 100 billion patacas (12. 66 billion U. S. dollars) — gambling revenue excluded. Under the support of the central government, Macao’s land area has increased from 22 square kilometers before its return to about 30 square kilometers. In June, the ninth session of the Standing Committee of China’s11th National People’s Congress (NPC) passed a bill giving the Macao SAR jurisdiction over a new campus of the University of Macao on Hengqin Island, which was originally part of the southern mainland city of Zhuhai. In 2007, Macao implemented a 15-year free education system, which will run from kindergarten to senior high school. From my own experience, for the past 10 years, the central government has been strictly adhering to the principle of ‘one country, two systems’ and the Basic Law of the Macao SAR. The central government has not interfered the inner affairs of the SAR,† said Edmund Ho Hau Wah. After its return to the motherland, Macao successfully held Ministerial Conferences of the Forum on Economic and Trade Cooperation be tween China and Portuguese-Speaking Countries in2003 and 2006 and the East Asian Games in 2005. With the support of the central government, the historic center of Macao, which is home to more than 20 unique sites demonstrating the assimilation and co-existence of Chinese and Western cultures, has been inscribed on the UNESCO World Heritage List. â€Å"Since the founding of the Legislative Assembly of Macao Special Administrative Region, Macao has enjoyed complete legislative power and has enacted and amended more than 100 laws, which was quite unimaginable when it was ruled by the Portuguese,† said assembly president Lau Cheok Va. An election committee, responsible for electing the chief executive of Macao SAR, is composed of representatives from a wide range of sectors including industrialists, unionists, public service workers, religious figures and politicians. Dr. Leonel Alberto Alves, a legislator and â€Å"Macaense†(a Portuguese expression for Macao-born Portuguese or Macao-born person of Portuguese and Chinese or of Portuguese and another Asian ethnic group), said an estimated 20,000 â€Å"Macaense† lived in Macao and their rights were fully safeguarded and customs respected since Macao’s return to the motherland. Overall, our view remains that the concept of ‘One Country, Two Systems’ is an everyday reality in Hong Kong. The rule of law and the independence of the judiciary, which are so vital to Hong Kong’s success, are being upheld. Essential rights and freedoms are being protected, and challenges to them fully and freely debated. — UK Secretary of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs Mr. Jack Straw, Six-monthly Report on Hong Kong, July-December 2001, presented to the British Parliament, March 2002 Most Western analysts conclude today that the ‘One Country, Two Systems’ has permitted Hong Kong to maintain its unique character. Long-term success depends on preserving the quality and integrity of Hong Kong’s outstanding cadre of civil servants, the rule of law and an independent judiciary†¦ — US Speaker’s Task Force on the Hong Kong Transition, Ninth Report, January 30, 2002 How to cite One Country, Two Systems, Papers

Costs And Benefits Of Mandatory Auditing- Free-Samples for Students

Questions: 1.Explain how your results Influence your planning decisions for the audit for the year ending 30 June 2015 2.Explain why it is a risk and how it may affect the risk of material misstatement in the Financial Report 3.Identify and explain two key fraud risk factors relating to misstatements arising from Fraudulent Financial Reporting to which DIPL may be susceptible. Answers: 1.Application of analytical procedures to the financial sreport information of DIPL The various types of the aspects of the financial processing of DIPL have been developed based on the audit plan. The blueprint of the audit has been considered based on the time taken to frame the audit plan. In this aspect, the assessor has been able to consider the auditing costs at a reasonable aspect for assisting and averting the misunderstanding with the clientele. The declarations associated to the analytical framework for DIPL is considered as the dissemination process of the information in terms of the financial proclamations. The evaluation mechanism needs to be set as per the proper utilization of the variety of the mechanisms. The analytical procedure needs to be based on the financial considerations. The different types of the evaluation process needs to be considered as per the utilization of the various mechanism procedures. Despite of this, the analytical process needs to be analysed as per the financial declarations of the firm. The various types of the evaluation p rocess is based on the dissemination of information as per the financial information for DIPL. The evaluation process has been carried as per utilizing the various types of the mechanisms. The financial declarations has been further analysed as per the vital decisions made for the business (Regoliosi dEri, 2014). The common sizing for the analytical process has been considered as per the common reference point. The comparison of the financial statement has been done based on the consideration of the various corporations. The assessors need to consider the financial report and evaluate the method for reporting. The registering of the items as per the net liabilities and the assets needs to consider as per the owners equity in the financial report. This needs to be further examined as per digressing from normal procedure. The analytical benchmarking is based on the utilization of the audit plan. The actual variance from the benchmark from the financial declarations is seen to detect the root cause (Regoliosi dEri, 2014). The ratio analysis has not been considered appropriately and this needs to be further considered for the plan of audit. Explanation of the way the results influence planning decisions for the audit The decisions associated to the audit plan have been based on the influence of the analytical approach and segregation of the data as per the annual report. The current ratio has been seen to be 1.42 in 2013, 1.46 in 2014 and 1.5 in 2015. In the profitability ratio, the profit margin of the company has been seen to be 0.068 in 2013, 0.60 in 2014 and 0.06 in 2015. Based on the various types of the information associated to the profitability, the various aspects of the net income are compared based on the net sales of the DIPL firm. The assessor will be able to understand the expenses are appropriate and whether the same can be considered to curtail the budget and time consideration of the firm. The various natures of the changes in the ratio has been considered as per the soundness of the financial position and financial condition. For instance, the solvency ratio is discerned as 0.62 in 2013, 0.44 in 2014 and 0.21 in 2015. This has been further seen to be considered as per the trends of the financial statements. The comparison of the ratio for the three periods has been seen to be based on the overall cash transactions based on the long term liability evaluation of the corporation (Yang Jia, 2013). 2.Identification of inherent risk factors that arise from nature of business operations of DIPL The several types of the important considerations have been considered as per the material misstatements in the financial consideration of the specific concern. This has been further seen to be considered as per risks reference as per the misstatement in the financial decisions taken by the corporations. The identified risks have been able to reflect the various facets of the misstatement as per the financial data. The different nature of the risks has been further associated to the financial and non-financial factors which can be considered to be true with a fair view of the financial declarations. The evaluator may further see it demanding for the associated risk. The evaluator may further detect the risk for non consideration of the various natures of the distinct risk factors. The identified risk may also be seen to be related to the diverse errors in the specific bookkeeper. With this essence the main form of the inherent risk may arise in terms of the DIPL business operations ( Ryoo et al., 2014). The given study has shown the numerous transactions which are particularly omitted by the accountants or the management of the corporation of DIPL. This can however be sequentially avoided by DIPL. The corporation has direct lead towards the various types of the inconsistencies which will be ineffective based on the planning of the sales activities. In addition to this, the financial declarations of the firm has revealed about the preferred level of profit from the revenue which has been considered from the sales. The management of the firm may decide to specify the requirement and the consequent adjustments which need to be made based on the functionality of the corporation. It can be hereby stated that the DIPL has led to failure for analysing of the micro and the macro economic factors and associating the existence of the same in the social and political factors. The subsequent consideration has been further seen to be reflected as per the poor sales figure and the inherent risks. The firm has stated about the various nature of the inherent risk. The main consideration for this has been based on the lack of expertise and the proficiency of the employees of the corporation along with the escalated issues. The specific business concern has been dependent on the members of the staff to prove their competency. In addition to this, the various types of the non-proficient workforce will be able to enhance the inherent risk of making mistakes, errors associated to the exclusion and other announcements made by the firm (Carey et al., 2013). The significant aspects of the risks have been further seen to be categorised as per the material misstatements, environmental risks and the consideration of the falsified exercises. The environmental consideration has been made as per the internal risk and the associated valuation for the major issues of stiff competition, inventory and generic market along with the shortage in the capital. The corporation will be further able to consider the material misstatements which have been directed for the inherent risk. The present DIP case has reflected on the various types of the complexities and the difficulties on the succession process of CEO based on the inherent risk. The succession of the CEO has been further able to consider the individual candidates. There has been several risks which has been further associated to the quality of the selection procedure. The process which are not complying with the initiating the process and the strategy has been considered for inadequate involvement of the CEO and the candidates departure from the firm (Al-khaddash et al., 2013). The case study has shown the implementation process of IT infrastructure has generated significant problems. DIPL does not have adequate staff for execution and the installation of the reconciliation process which is necessary for making prior arrangement at the end of the year. The initial testing has shown that the transaction has not seen to be considered properly in the given time span. This has been further seen to be based on the various considerations of material misstatements and the inherent factors which are necessary for the considerations of the omissions and the financial declarations. The cash receipts have been recorded by the finance professionals and they might consider the various types of the internal risks. The members of the staff need to follow the sequence as per the accounts receivable registered and the recording of the same in terms of the bank reconciliation statements. The revenue registration has been generated from the e-book and taking into consideration for reprinting the textbooks and upcoming period off the internal risks and the complexity of the process (Mihret, 2014). Risk and way it might affect the risk of material misstatement in the financial report The inherent risk is considered as per the particular assertions made in terms of the material misstatement. Excessive pressure on employees and management- The excessive workload of the staff has led to poor bookkeeping. The propensity of the certain aspects has been further considered as per the poor liquidity, cash flow issues and outcomes of the poor operating outcomes. Risks of errors or else incorrect misrepresentation- The intricacy and the reliability have been related to the risks of errors of misrepresentation. Integrity of the entire management The management of DIPL, has been able to consider the essential drawback of the required integrity and prepared with the reputation loss and entire community of the business (Lee Talen, 2014). Unusual pressure on management The existing incentive in terms of the management and the misstatements in the declarations. Nature of entity business DIPL has considered as per the competitive aspects. The main consideration of the overall internal risk is essential for audit analysis and the structure of the audit plan in an effective way(Wang et al., 2013). 3.Identification and explanation of two key fraud risk factors relating to misstatements arising from fraudulent financial reporting Identification of the fraud risk leads to considerable amount of losses pertaining to the material misstatement. Asset Loss In various cases the losses of the assets has led to several instances of fraud. The workforce dissatisfaction has further considered from the excessive workload among the employees which can be considered for the fraud. The expectation of the investors need to report the specific considerations of the management to attain the appropriate performance leading to fraud risk. The strong pressures to declare the specific financial are outcomes to generate the guarantees. Financial reporting fraud The major involvement of the risks pertaining to fraud has been further seen to be considered as per the operations of DIPL, which includes the workforce engagement of the fraudulent activities. As per the given case the DIPL operations management remains a challenge pertaining to the novel accounting system. The enormous pressure on the employees has been further seen to be based on the installation of the new IT system, which might lead to accounting. This has been further able to imply that the fraudulent activity related to handle the procedure for reconciliation done in an inappropriate manner with the subsequent misstatement in the material. The case study has been also able to consider the various processes for the execution related to the implementation of the certain transactions which has been considered in the end of each year. This may further lead to losses for the fraud risk and the material misstatements (Jans et al., 2013). Unsuitable average cost Another important financial reporting has been further considered as per the financial fraud reporting. During the time of excessive expectation from the outside financiers, the financial announcements needs to meet with the specific performance related to meet with the qualification of the goal criteria and the high amount of the risk related to the improper announcement of the finance. The various information of the financial position has been further seen to be based on the revenue of DIPL which has increased from 2013-2015. Furthermore, the current and the total assets for DIPL have also increased considerably. As per the given situation the valuation of the raw materials from the inventory cost was not seen to be suitable for the present cost on paper, which was considerably higher than the average costs. The risk of the identification of the fraudulent acts are involves as per the implementation of the new information technology systems, which can be carried out based on the mo nitoring of the various activities in various phases. The financial risk of the reporting has been based on the evaluation carried as per the monitoring, assessing and control of the mechanisms. References Al-khaddash, H., Nawas, R. Al, Ramadan, A. (2013). Factors affecting the quality of Auditing?: The Case of Jordanian Commercial Banks. International Journal of Business and Social Science, 4(11), 206222. Carey, P., Knechel, W. R., Tanewski, G. (2013). Costs and Benefits of Mandatory Auditing of For-profit Private and Not-for-profit Companies in Australia. Australian Accounting Review, 23(1), 4353. https://doi.org/10.1111/auar.12003 Jans, M., Alles, M., Vasarhelyi, M. (2013). The case for process mining in auditing: Sources of value added and areas of application. International Journal of Accounting Information Systems, 14(1), 120. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.accinf.2012.06.015 Lee, S., Talen, E. (2014). Measuring Walkability: A Note on Auditing Methods. Journal of Urban Design, 19(3), 368388. https://doi.org/10.1080/13574809.2014.890040 Mihret, D. G. (2014). How can we explain internal auditing? The inadequacy of agency theory and a labor process alternative. Critical Perspectives on Accounting, 25(8), 771782. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpa.2014.01.003 Regoliosi, C., dEri, A. (2014). Good corporate governance and the quality of internal auditing departments in Italian listed firms. An exploratory investigation in Italian listed firms. Journal of Management and Governance, 18(3), 891920. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10997-012-9254-1 Ryoo, J., Rizvi, S., Aiken, W., Kissell, J. (2014). Cloud Security Auditing: Challenges and Emerging Approaches. IEEE Security Privacy, 12(6), 6874. https://doi.org/10.1109/MSP.2013.132 Wang, C., Chow, S. S. M., Wang, Q., Ren, K., Lou, W. (2013). Privacy-preserving public auditing for secure cloud storage. IEEE Transactions on Computers, 62(2), 362375. https://doi.org/10.1109/TC.2011.245 Yang, K., Jia, X. (2013). An efficient and secure dynamic auditing protocol for data storage in cloud computing. IEEE Transactions on Parallel and Distributed Systems, 24(9), 17171726. https://doi.org/10.1109/TPDS.2012.278

The Law of Demand

Introduction There are two types of social equilibrium that is dynamic and static equilibriums, abnormal and normal equilibriums the first is active, the second is passive.the first is unstable and the second is stable Equilibrium is the spot where consumers and producers exchange services and goods at a quantity and cost that signify a balance among the consumer’s desire to forfeit less cash and the producer’s desire to get more cash.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Law of Demand specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More It is the point at which everybody prepared to pay the price of the market gets their demand satisfied, while anybody prepared to manufacture at the price of the market gets a buyer for the service or good. [Roger 2001] A market can be defined as an area where services and goods are exchanged. One can imagine a bustling lane complete of sellers and buyers or a stock trade full of citize ns selling and buying stocks. These are touchable manifestations of a market. Economics can be defined as a communal discipline which checks the distribution, consumption and production of services and goods. Microeconomics can be defined as a tool that examines the performance of fundamental elements in the financial system including personalized agents or markets, that is, firms and consumers, sellers and buyers. [William and Alain 2006] Macroeconomics can be defined as a tool that addresses problems affecting the whole economy. That is, inflation, economic growth, unemployment and fiscal and monetary policy. Demand is a connection amidst two variables quantity and price demanded, with all other additional factors that may influence demand held steady. [Esther1998] How the Sonnenschein-Mantel-Debreu Theorem in General Equilibrium affect the law of demand and the law of demand The demand law In money matters can be defined as a microeconomic commandment which states; ‘As the price of a service or good increases, consumer demand for the service or good will decrease and as the price of a service or good decreases, consumer demand for service or good will increase. When all the other factors remain unchanged. [Irvin 2011] Below is a graph illustrating the law of demand? Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Source: (Rick Kash 2002) From the graph it can be seen clearly that when the price increase from P3 to P2 the demand falls from Q2 to Q3 consequently when the price decreases from P1 to P2, the demand increases from Q2 TO Q1. According to Investopedia, law of demand shows the consequences that price variations have on consumer actions. For example, a consumer will purchase more burgers if the price of the burgers falls. Relatively a consumer will purchase less burgers if the burgers price goes up or increases. That is the greater the amount sold, th e smaller the price should be in order for it to get purchasers or buyers. For instance, if the price of milk goes up automatically the demand of milk goes down [Rick Kash 2002] .The Sonnenschein–Mantel–Debreu Theorem is named after four economists who are Gerard Debreu, Rolf Ricardo Mantel, and Hugo Freund Sonnenschein. As a result of general economics. It states; ‘The surplus demand function for an economy is not limited by the usual reasonableness restrictions on individual demands in the economy’.For example, if in a country’s economy the price of a commodity like petroleum goes high the demand for this particular commodity is not affected by restrictions of the individual demand this is because the customers will still use the commodity. [Lain and Henry 1998] On the other side if the price of petroleum goes down the demand for the same commodity is not affected by restrictions of the individual demand for the same commodity because the amount r egularly consumed remains. Thus microeconomics reasonableness assumptions do not have the same macroeconomics results. The implications of the theorem are mostly manifested in the interdependent markets. The economic equilibrium cannot be exceptional or stable. According to the theorem, the Walrasian aggregate excess demand function inherits only certain properties of individual excess functions. Policy-makers did not favor forms of monetarism and supply-side economics, the New Classical economics is the dominant neoclassical theory.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Law of Demand specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The theory says that the existing expectations in the financial system are correspondent to what the prospect state of the financial system will be. This contradicts the thought that administration policy influences the decisions of public in the financial system [David 2006] According to Investopedia the thought is that rational expectations of the company in a financial system will incompletely have an effect on what happens to the financial system in the prospect. Because he believes that the price will rise in the future. According to Sonnenschein Mantel Debreu Theorem (Sonnenschein 1973, Mantel 1974, Debreu 1974) they show that under assumptions under which general equilibrium theory has been developed, there are no limitations on the behavior of data aggregates either within a cross section or intertemporally. General equilibrium theory is an overarching organizing framework for economics. Without any limitations on the distribution of individual qualities, the Sonnenschein-Mantel-Debreu Theorem implies that general equilibrium theory imposes only extremely limited restrictions on combined data. Interactions methods bring the possibility that common types of combined behavior come out from widely changeable collections of individual’s qualities. Many comprehensive p henomena, externalities or other types of market short comings naturally exist which do not lie under the purview of general equilibrium theory [Bryant 2010]. General Equilibrium theory plays several roles in monetarism theory, According to the monetarist the money supply function is where the money stock comes from given the money stock, the demand for money, would settle on the speed of distribution. [James 1969]. The monetarists take the money stock to be an exogenous variable resolute independently in the money supply function; the rise in the monetary content influence the increase in money stock, that is, bank treasury and money in vigorous movement or in the money multiplier while in the theory by Keysian money is taken to be an induced unpredictable or a lively or sovereign variable. [Roger 1999]Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Therefore, according to this the returns increases, there would be a rise in demand for money thus the money seems to be formed from the variation of income. The monetary influence has full power on money supply through the stored requirement, interest pace and credit policy. A chain reaction would result from a change in the money of substitutions causing rates, interests, prices, employment, and production to change; income change results from monetary change. [Keizo Nagatani 1981]. One implied suggestion of monetarism is â€Å"lender of last resort† which is a Federal Reserve function, that is, a savior of institutions and as a stabilizer of monetary markets through the refinancing of money market entities and banks as a provider of reserves. Monetarism drawn in, first a theory cycle, and then as a result of these a suggestion for the behavior of financial policy. Specifically, price increases was alleged to be reasonable according to the rate of increase of the cycle, and the money supply, or more accurately it is revolving points according to the changes [Laidler 2004, pg 395]. In this increase rate as an conceptual mode the demand for money was a difficulty reasonably agreeable realistic to price theory , as an practical subject it seemed to be a stable function finely described by a small number of parameters [Friedman 1959]. Laidler different from Friedman who described money as a long lasting consumer he looked at it as a ‘buffer stock’ also different from the approach adopted by Friedman and Keynesian, the Walrasian equilibrium, he also embraced disequilibrium. Manchester monetarism, Laidler, had in reality never assumed the Keynesian is-lm model that he had used to express it nor market clearing. The ordinary rate of joblessness is the point that would be positioned out by the systems of general equilibrium equations by Walrasian. According to Laidler â€Å"What markets do in our theories, money does it in the world [Sylee 1990] . General Equilibrium Theory views the properties and process of liberated market economies. The ground is a response to a sequence of questions at first written by an economist by the name Leon Walras regarding the process of markets. Frank Hahn stated it in the subsequent way: ‘Does consistency come from the search of personal importance through a structure of interrelated deregulated markets, without chaos, and how is it attained? [Friedman 1968, Pg 8] Role played by General Equilibrium Theory in Monetarism and Rational Expectations Theories and the light shed on Rational Expectations by the said Theorem The role played by general equilibrium theory plays several roles in the rational expectations theory, a predominantly low value for shares in a corporation may indicate to an ignorant agent that better knowledgeable agents are not selling the stock or buying the stock. The view of rational expectation equilibrium is commonly acknowledged extension of the general equilibriu m to economies with unevenly knowledgeable agents. In rational expectations, representation agents maximize expected utility with respect to an updated probability distribution that combines their initial information with the additional information conveyed by the prices, but not with respect to an exogenously given probability distribution [Laidler and David 1984]. General equilibrium theory’s outlook is that wages and prices are either very sluggish in responding to change or rigid in overall demand and hence fail to complete their customary market payment functions. In the Keynesian analysis, in production and employment increases or decreases in overall demand in the short run such as occur in a business cycle expansion or contraction are reflected mainly in changes in the real economy, while proponents of the rational expectations equilibrium theory retain that, balance by adjustments in prices and wages is given by supply and demand even at the level of the overall econ omy are constantly. [Peter 2009] Employees and businessmen even if rational regarding the markets where they themselves operate are uninformed about all additional markets and accordingly prone to make mistakes on how much labor to supply or produce in response to a variation in demand.making these mistakes and then making a correction give growth to cyclical engagements. [Roger 1999] Reduced forms of models are required by the general equilibrium theory when the analysis of equilibria are being done ,without or with rational expectation requirement for the absolute requirement of markets, agents , e.t.c, that is, as it is required by general equilibrium theory.[Bryant 2010] According to the general equilibrium theory when markets are complete, and when agents are risk averse then they are tough on changes in fragile modeling options concerning the prior choice of the uncertainty to be included in to model. The objection of insurance then depends on the authoritative outcome of comp leteness insisted by the in effective theorem. Full insurance restores the efficiency of the market equilibria dynamic, possibly generated by arbitrary beliefs, in the presence of extrinsic noise. [Peter 1986] General equilibrium model insists on the hypothesis that agents expect future prices rationally. In general, equilibrium form, rational expectation hypothesis is common knowledge among the agents of the economy, where the competitive rational expectations mechanism functions smoothly. Agents with full expectations, make use of all the information. In general equilibrium theory assumptions are made that the economic representation and also agents that rationally there was common information to all agents and were to fully exploit this knowledge. This assumption was to explain the model [Emilio 2003]. General equilibrium theory under certainty is able to show that agent’s choices are compatible in a perfectly competitive market when they pursue their self-interest differe nt from the certainty environment, without this assumption. In a dangerous surrounding, the rational expectations hypothesis it is important to understand the agent’s actions and also the rational expectations equilibrium. The rational expectations theory is required to show some parameters anticipated on the up coming prices taken by the agent according to his behavior. [Ben 1998] Without this assumption or related one it would be difficult determine the relevance in a perfectly competitive market, the agent’s decisions in accordance to the rational expectations theory. The economy do not waste information and expectation are determined by the structure of the whole system. [Robert and Thomas 1988.] Expectations of financial variables would be subject to mistakes, without being for recognized for sometime as a significant portion of most justifications for changes in the point of business actions expectations of the company, or generally, the individual probability ci rculation of result have a tendency of been distributed, for the similar information determine the forecast of the hypothesis or the objective possibility of circulation of results. [Michael 1992] According to the theory, information is limited, and is not wasted by the economic system. The means by which expectations are created depends particularly on the organization of the appropriate structure describing the financial system a community forecast does not have any significant consequence on the function of the economic arrangement unless it is in relevant to the inside information.[Rodney and Michael 1982]. General equilibrium theory has shed light on the rational expectation theory by the several ways, for instance, People consider rational expectations, to keep the economy at equilibrium. More convectional outcome relating to the potential responsibility and extent of state economic involvement in large-scale policy were re-establish after the rational expectations were given in combination with the hypothesis instead of those of faultlessly working markets that had at all times been the easy perception of the Keynesian perspective. [Davidson 2002] It helps in shedding light on whether or not the financial system is able to convey to any type of harmonized equilibrium at all. The financial system produces a some insight on how large-scale policy operates and specifically regarding the function it plays in destabilizing or stabilizing the financial system, bringing it nearer to or taking it further away from a rational expectation equilibrium fully employed.[Hyman 2008] Rational expectation is sensible only if the populace is able to learn macroeconomics associations from the experience of staying in the financial system and the traditional consistency theorem in statistical assumption do not signify that these connections are actuality learnable for the reason that they are self referential in the nature of macroeconomic study. That is, statistical hypot hesis assures that, under relatively general circumstances people are supposed to be able to consistently estimate connections from observing an extended enough sequence of data brought about by those relationships [Bryant 2010]. In macroeconomics the connections come about, when people change their expectation of price increase due to recent experience and hence affecting the actual rate of inflation. [Frydman and Phelps 1983].It also helps understand whether or not the effort to find out about a system whose properties meet the rational expectations equilibrium is possible. Light is also shed on the time varying temperament of the rational equilibrium theory within general equilibrium stochastic form [Sargent 1993]. In conclusion, all the theories, that is, the general equilibrium theory, rational expectation theory, and the monetarist theory are all connected or related. Rational expectation theory puts together a variation of the expectation hypothesis with a monetary rule view and the general equilibrium hypothesis view. [Esther 1998] References List Bryant, W. D., 2010. General equilibrium theory and evidence. Hackensack N. J. world scientist Publishers. Singapore, Singapore. David, C. C., 2006. Post Walrasian macroeconomics, beyond the dynamic stochastic general equilibrium model. Cambridge University, Cambridge. Davidson, P., 2002. Financial Markets, Money, and the Real World. Edward Elgar, Cheltenham. Emilio, B., 2003. Financial markets theory, Equilibrium, efficiency and information. Springer, London. Esther, M. S., 1998. The evolving rationality of rational expectations: an assessment of Thomas Sergeant’s achievements. Cambridge university press, Cambridge. Esther, M. S., 1998.Changing perceptions of economic policy: essays in honor of the seventieth birthday of Alec Cairncross. Malden publishers. London. Pg 162 Hyman, P. M., 2008.Stabilizing an unstable economy. McGraw-Hill Publishers, New York. Irvin, B. T., 2011.Macroeconomics for today. S outhwestern publishers. Mason, Ohion. James, T., 1969. ‘A general equilibrium approach to monetary theory’. Journal of Money, Credit and Banking, Vol.1, pg 15-29. Keizo, N., 1981, Macroeconomic dynamics. Cambridge University press. Cambridge, UK. Laidler and David, E. W., 1984. ‘Misconceptions about the real bills doctrine a comment on sergeant and Wallace ‘, Journal of Political Economy. Pg. 149-155. Lain Begg and S. G. B. Henry, 1998. Applied economics and Public Policy. University of Cambridge, Cambridge. Pg 63 Marc, R.T., 1984. An institutionalist guide to economics and public policy. Armonk, N.Y Publishers, Sharpe. Michael, T. Belongia, 1992.The business cycle: theory and evidence: proceedings of the Sixteenth Annual Economic Policy Conference of the Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis. Kluwer Acad. Publ., Boston. Pg 112 Peter Flaschel, 2009. The Macro dynamics of capitalism elements for a synthesis of Marx, Keynes and Schumpeter. Heidelberg Springer, Ber lin. Pg 14 Peter Wallace Preston, 1986. Making sense of development: An introduction to classical and contemporary theories of development and their application to Southeast Asia. Routledge and Kegan publishers, New York, London. Pg 226 Robert, E. L. and Thomas, J.S., 1988. Rational expectation and econometric practice. University of Minnesota press, Minneapolis. Roger, G., 2001. Sunspot multiplicity and economic fluctuations. MIT Press, Cambridge, UK. Roger, E. A., 1999. The macroeconomics of self-fulfilling prophecies. MIT Press. Cambridge, UK. Sylee, 1990. The monetary and banking development of Singapore and Malaysia. Singapore University press, Singapore. William O. W. and Alain T., 2006. The Blackwell dictionary of modern social thought. Malden Publishers. Oxford, London. This essay on The Law of Demand was written and submitted by user Hana Ford to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Langue - Definition and Discussion

Langue - Definition and Discussion In linguistics, language as an abstract system of signs (the underlying structure of a language), in contrast to parole, the individual expressions of language (speech acts that are the products of langue). This distinction between langue and parole was first made by Swiss linguist Ferdinand de Saussure in his Course in General Linguistics (1916). See more observations below. Also see: Linguistic CompetenceParoleSemioticsSignWhat Is Language?What Is Linguistics? Etymology:  From the French, language Pronunciation:  lahng Observations on Langue Saussure distinguished between; langue, the rules of sign system (which might be grammar) and- parole, the articulation of signs (for example, speech or writing), the sum of which is language:language langue parole While langue could be the rules of, say, English grammar, it does not mean parole always has to conform to the rules of standard English (what some people erroneously call proper English). Langue is less rigid than the phrase set of rules implies, it is more a guideline and is inferred from the parole. Language is often likened to an iceberg: the parole is visible, but the rules, the supporting structure, are hidden.(Nick Lacey, Image and Representation: Key Concepts in Media Studies. Palgrave, 1998) The language system [langue] is not a function of the speaking subject, it is the product which the individual registers passively; it never presupposes premeditation, and reflection only comes into it for the activity of classification which will be discussed later.(Ferdinand de Saussure, Course in General Linguistics, 1916; translated by Wade Baskin, 1959) Langue and Parole Langue/ParoleThe reference here is to the distinction made by the Swiss linguist Saussure. Where parole is the realm of the individual moments of language use, of particular utterances or messages, whether spoken or written, langue is the system or code (le code de la langue) which allows the realization of the individual messages. As the language-system, object of linguistics, langue is thus totally to be differentiated from language, the heterogeneous totality with which the linguist is initially faced and which may be studied from a variety of points of view, partaking as it does of the physical, the physiological, the mental, the individual and the social. It is precisely by delimiting its specific object (that is, of the langue, the system of the language) that Saussure founds linguistics as a science.(Stephen Heath, Translators Note in Image-Music-Text by Roland Barthes. Macmillan, 1988) Interdependency of Langue and Parole​Saussures Cours does not overlook the importance of reciprocal conditioning between langue and parole. If it is true that langue is implied by parole, parole, on the other hand, takes priority on two levels, namely that of learning and that of development: it is in hearing others that we learn our mother tongue; it manages to settle in our brain only after countless experiences. Finally, it is parole that makes langue develop: it is the impressions received by hearing others that alter our linguistic habits. Thus langue and parole are interdependent; the former is both the instrument and the product of the latter (1952, 27).(Claude Hagà ¨ge, On the Death and Life of Languages. Yale Univ. Press, 2009)

Buying Stuff Online and How Your Credit Card is You Essay

Buying Stuff Online and How Your Credit Card is You - Essay Example That said, there are issues with credit, including the fact that credit is often abused and there is also the risk of identity theft. That said, since credit is inextricably bound with the rise of consumerism, credit is very important to society and is not likely to recede anytime soon. This paper will explain how consumerism came about, how globalization and online purchasing has changed how people buy stuff and use credit, and what the dangers are of credit. Evolution of the Economy The economy has been evolving continually, from a period of time before mass production, to mass production, to globalization. The economic realities during the 19th Century, before the advent of mass production, was that a Puritan ethos prevailed. This means that housing was sparse, money was not spent on non-necessities, such as jewelry, eating and drinking well, and fine clothing (Bocock, 2000, p. 8). This all changed with Henry Ford. Henry Ford was the father of consumerism, because, under Ford, wor kers were paid better. Because workers were paid better, they had more purchasing power. Because workers had more purchasing power, there was more demand for products. Consumerism was the result of this cycle (Gabriel & Yang, 1995). Suddenly, it was not just the rich who were able to consume products which were non-necessities, but everybody could (Gabriel & Yang, 1995, p. 10). ... This changed by the middle of the twentieth century, however, in that, by this time, only one third of a British family's income was spent on food (Gabriel & Yang, 1995, p. 12). With mass production came branding, and the individual's desire to purchase products with labels and designers. This was because mass production meant that similar goods were flooding the marketplace. Companies had to stand out amongst the competition. This was the beginning of competitive branding, as different designers and labels emerged, and these designers and labels lent an air of prestige to the products. For example, designers such as Ralph Lauren and Tommy Hilfiger made names for themselves, and they were able to charge a premium for their products, because their products carried this extra prestige (Klein, 2000, p. 6). Gender issues emerged during this period. The men were busy making money, and the women were busy spending the money, so the women were the ones that the marketers targeted in the era of consumerism that predated the rise of feminism (Kacen, 2000, p. 347). This all changed in the post-modern society, as consumption became a part of everyone's identity, both male and female. In the post-modern society, according to Kacen (2000), people constructed their identity with brands, figuring out who they are by the brands that they buy. The person's identity became fluid, as the person might go from being a punk, preferring to buy products that would go along with that image, and then the same person might choose a look that is more of a preppy image, and buy products that suit that image. Brands play a part in this identity construction, as well, because certain brands are popular with different segments of society, so choosing certain