Against Euthanasia

1. 20. 13 I AM AGAINST EUTHANASIA willful: when an individual is approached to be slaughtered in light of the fact that the torment couldn't be taken care of any more drawn out non-deliberate: when an individual is murdered by the choice of someone else on the grounds that the patient is unfit to do it without anyone's help/herself. Euthanasiaâ is: 1. â€Å"A peaceful, effortless demise. †Ã¢ or 2. â€Å"The purposeful executing of an individual with a serious or excruciating sickness expected as a demonstration of benevolence. † BIBLICAL POINTS: - Euthanasia is viewed as MURDER One of the Ten Commandments is â€Å"Thou will not kill† and life is a blessing from God that ought not be annihilated †God has given us life to live, and SHOULD NOT BE TAKEN AWAY intentionally †God is in everybody and each living thing. On the off chance that you hurt a living thing, YOU ARE HARMING GOD. †Paul expressed (1 Corinthians 6:19) that our bodies are sanctuaries of our Lord. In VOLUNTARY EUTHANASIA, we ought not wreck ourselves in light of the fact that our life contains God’s Holy Spirit †WHEN JOB WAS GOING THROUGH SUFFERING, he despite everything would not TAKE HIS OWN LIFE. He contends that we should acknowledge the enduring as we acknowledge joy and joy.SUFFERING IS AN OPPORTUNITY FOR SPIRITUAL GROWTH. †No man bites the dust except if God permits it (Job 2:6) Therefore, as per the Bible, an individual SHOULD NOT be murdered in light of a specific condition they have. In spite of the fact that they WILL DIE, killing ought not happen. IT IS MURDER. Truly, God has arranged that they will be in critical condition, and he knows when they will pass on. In any case, just HE has the privilege to end their life, not specialists. Different POINTS: - the ability to play with people’s lives ought not be passed out under a lawful and/or clinical mask. †it advances misuse and gives specialists the privilege to urder. â₠¬ specialists are individuals who we trust and fix us, however willful extermination offers them the chance to PLAY GOD - It’s Christians who are against killing, yet different religions as well. (Musilim, Jews, Hindu, Buddhist) - UNBEARBLE PAIN-torment can't be completely dispensed with, however murdering isn't the appropriate response! The arrangement is to order better instruction of medicinal services experts, grow social insurance, and advise patients about their privileges to be alive. †Euthanasia isn't about the option to bite the dust. It’s about the option to slaughter. Different RELIGIONS AGAINST EUTHANASIA: Roman Catholic Church: direct killing comprises in stopping the lives of crippled debilitated or kicking the bucket people. IT IS MORALLY UNACCEPTABLE. Muslim: - All life is a blessing Allah, so it is hallowed and Muslim have an obligation to regard it and submut to his will - Only ALLAH can pick when a real existence will end - The explanation behin d any enduring will be known to Allah, there must be a purpose behind torment Jews: †Anything which abbreviates life is illegal, no one but God could chose when a person’s life should end Hindu: - Euthanasia conflicts with the conviction of Ahimsa (peacefulness) Buddhist: - deliberate killing isn't right, it shows that the person’s mind is in a terrible state.

Essay Examples of APA Citation

Essay Examples of APA CitationWhen you are looking for essay samples of APA citation you will want to focus on the subject matter that you are writing about. You will want to give examples of how other people have used the guidelines when they were writing their essays.It is a good idea to start with a piece of paper that you can use as a sample of what your writing will look like when it is finished. There are many websites on the internet that will help you with these types of projects. The best essay samples of APA citation are the ones that you can use yourself so you want to take advantage of this as soon as possible.The best way to find the best essay samples of APA citation is to read over the guidelines carefully. You will also want to check out some of the free resources that will offer you the information you need. Most of these online resources are very helpful and they will give you the information you need to complete your project successfully. It is always a good idea t o get help from the professional writers that you are interested in working with.One of the best essay samples of APA citation that you will find online is an assignment that is designed to show you how to get your work reviewed for plagiarism. The purpose of this assignment is to help you know the difference between plagiarism and honest use of other people's work. This assignment should give you a better understanding of what you will be required to do in order to help ensure that your work is original and not a copy of another person's.The essay samples of APA citation can also help you understand the basics of proofreading. They are great resources for helping you to understand that you should never assume that someone has done the job correctly. The project can also help you learn about how to avoid checking and editing your own work.The essays samples of APA citation will also provide you with a way to understand how to create a dissertation. The project can help you understan d how to create a dissertation from scratch. They will also give you a better understanding of the guidelines for citing sources. They will help you understand how to cite references correctly.One of the most helpful essay samples of APA citation is the fact that you will learn about how to choose the right sources for your essays. The assignment will help you understand how to choose the appropriate sources for your project. This can be one of the most important things that you will learn as you prepare for your professional career.The best essay samples of APA citation will not only show you how to get your work reviewed, but they will also show you how to give your work more depth. This project can help you learn about how to write research papers and dissertations. This project can also help you develop some skills that you will need to have in order to graduate from college and begin your professional career.

Marketing Practices of China Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Advertising Practices of China - Research Paper Example The article from the Financial Times looks at the exercises of the HNA business gathering of China. The gathering is the main venture organization from China to begin buying property around the globe. It enjoys buys across different parts going from the transportation business, lodging industry and carrier industry in different nations over the globe (Lemer and Rabinovitch 23). The organization has a great deal of capital and is progressively getting more property around the globe. The CEO of the gathering tells the author of the article that they will buy more organizations outside his nation. This will be on the grounds that the money related emergency around the world influences numerous organizations. They will buy those organizations which are in the red since they will be modest to gain (Lemer and Rabinovitch 24). The other venture organizations in China possibly put their cash in normal assets when contributing outside their nation. The company’s worldwide center comes after their seeing of development in their local exercises (Luo 15). The business utilizes various showcasing procedures and expert administration styles that bring it achievement. The organizations likely arrangements are to spread their venture exercises to different mainlands around the world, for example, Africa and the South American landmasses. The organization puts resources into a progression of enterprises that have relations to each other. Their ventures are in different businesses going from the carrier business, the lodging business, the transportation business and media outlets (Lemer and Rabinovitch 24). ... This will be on the grounds that the money related emergency around the world influences numerous organizations. They will buy those organizations which are paying off debtors since they will be modest to get (Lemer and Rabinovitch 24). The other venture organizations in China possibly put their cash in regular assets when contributing outside their nation. The company’s worldwide center comes after their seeing of development in their local exercises (Luo 15). The business utilizes different advertising techniques and expert administration styles that bring it achievement. The organizations likely arrangements are to spread their speculation exercises to different landmasses around the world, for example, Africa and the South American mainlands. The organization puts resources into a progression of ventures that have relations to each other. Their speculations are in different businesses extending from the aircraft business, the lodging business, the transportation business a nd media outlets (Lemer and Rabinovitch 24). The business knows about the worries and activities of their rivals and has measures to stop them. They intend to expand their interest in the budgetary and protection enterprises in nations that are eager to acknowledge their drives. In any case, the board asserts that they don't plan to put resources into nations where the systems are careful about their exercises. This they state won't be useful for their business exercises and won't likewise upgrade their development exercises. The administration of the business likewise asserts that every one of their exercises are done as per the current guidelines and guidelines (Lemer and Rabinovitch 23). The second article from Forbes magazine looks at the odds of progress for Chinese brands the world over. The creator expresses that their prosperity is subject to the kindness they get

Swinburne’s Ave Atque Vale and the Role of the Dead in the Construction of the Canon - Literature Essay Samples

‘The long history of English elegy is a pouring of fresh tears into ancient vessels,’claims Rosenberg in ‘Elegy for an Age.’ Indeed, the elegy seems the best literary form to exemplify Eliot’s famous claim that â€Å"No poet, no artist of any art, has his complete meaning alone. His significance, his appreciation is the appreciation of his relation to the dead poets and artists.† We might go as far to say that throughout the history of English Literature, writers have poured their ‘fresh tears’ into the ‘ancient vessels’ which are those writers who have preceded them. One particularly prominent example of this is Algernon Charles Swinburne’s elegy ‘Ave Atque Vale,’ dedicated to Baudelaire. Within his poem, Swinburne not only refers and relates to Baudelaire’s work but also to a number of Greek myths and legends, of which Homer and Ovid amongst others wrote about; generating the question, what is his intent in doing so? T.S Eliot seems to argue that relating to or acknowledging dead poets and artists is both a genuine appreciation of their work whilst being a kind of enrichment to the present work. Where this is certainly an amenable viewpoint, there is an additional dimension to this literary trend. Being an elegy, ‘Ave Aque Vale’ naturally conveys some sense of personal loss to the reader, but in a wider sense, Swinburne’s appreciation of Baudelaire’s life and work in an elegy is a mode through which he can effectively lay Baudelaire to rest and insert himself into a Harold Bloom-like scheme o f canonical writers, confirming himself as next in line in the tradition. Eliot’s claim is certainly true in the sense that it is a fallacy to suggest that any writer or artist can create a totally pure piece of work; that is, one which is totally unmarred by the influence of artists preceding them (the influence on their work naturally being appreciation for the dead artist.) This explains to an extent, why writers of the same era are often referred to collectively; the similarities between their writing stems from the influence they have exerted on one another, either deliberately or unconsciously. In consequence, Eliot’s notion of completeness rings true. A reader cannot hope to fully comprehend or understand a piece of literature if the writer’s allusions to other work are not understood or glossed over. For example, Swinburne refers in the second stanza to ‘Lesbian promontories,’ a line which alludes to Baudelaire’s ‘Lesbos.’ This is a poem which at its end depicts the death of Sappho, the Greek po et who was claimed to have committed suicide by leaping from the Leucadian rocks, an allusion which thus lends a heightened sense of tragedy to Baudelaire’s death, a tone which would be missed by the reader were they not to grasp the nature of this reference. Furthermore, from these allusions emerges an evident chain running through the history of literary works and with elegies in particular. Where Swinburne pays tribute to Baudelaire, Baudelaire pays tribute to Sappho, and, after Swinburne’s death, Thomas Hardy paid tribute to him in the elegy ‘a singer asleep.’ Critic Yopie Prins comments on the idea of ‘poetic vocation’ in Thomas Brennan’s Creating from Nothing essay, suggesting that Swinburne’s allusion to Sappho ‘enables him to articulate the recurrent structure of poetic vocation: the body of the poet is sacrificed to her song, and this body is sacrificed to posterity, which recollects the scattered fragments in order to recall Sappho herself as the long-lost origin of lyric poetry.’ Whilst this comment is specific to Sappho, it seems to apply more widely in the tradition of poets elegising other poets, where the elegy can be seen as a kind of portrait to immortalise the d ead artist after their physical being has deceased. Considering the context in which Swinburne was writing, his elegy to Baudelaire could also be an act of moral obligation. As Rosenberg comments in Elegy for an Age, the Victorians were in a period between a ‘vanishing past and an uncertain future,’ moving towards a modernist period in which many people abandoned religion and God in favour of atheism or agnosticism. This is particularly evident in ‘Ave Atque Vale’ with the absence of the traditional Christian God or mention of heaven in a poem which effectively is funereal, displaced by the notion that Baudelaire will not ascend to heaven, but will be immortalised in joining a league of great poets before him: ‘holy poet’s pages.’ Therefore, it becomes Swinburne’s duty in the absence of God, to confirm Baudelaire’s place as one of the great poets through his elegy. In the very act of consecrating Baudelaire and appreciating him in this way, Swinburne’s significance as a poet is heightened in the assumption the reader makes that he is qualified to determine who is and isn’t a great or significant writer. It is also important to consider Swinburne’s elegy as a form of inserting himself into the literary canon and perhaps even replacing Baudelaire in his death. In Brennan’s essay he establishes that the traditional implication by critics such as Harold Bloom is that Swinburne’s allusions to Baudelaire are means for him to ‘make place in the tradition for his own endeavour.’ In a structural sense, this notion is supported by Swinburne’s physical placement of the Baudelaire extract at the start of his poem, preceding his own writing, an act which could be seen to indicate Swinburne’s intention to follow on from the poet and become his heir. Furthermore, the poem begins with Swinburne asking ‘shall I strew on thee rose or rue or laurel’ and closes with him giving the ‘garland’ and proclaiming ‘farewell,’ clear chronology which lends the elegy a funereal purpose of putting Baudelaire to rest, thus making way for Swinburne as the new poet. By elegising a canonical writer such as Baudelaire, Swinburne again heightens his own significance as a writer as he automatically becomes next in line: ‘my flying song flies after.’ However, this is not to say that Swinburne’s elegy is not appreciative of Baudelaire and his work, as T.S Eliot suggests a writer should be, and Brennan seems correct in his essay to dismiss the notion that the elegy is a ‘competitive’ genre. This notion seems a fallacy on two grounds. The first being that competition is problematic when one participant is deceased; the word implies an ongoing struggle to beat the other whereas Swinburne simply seems eager to continue in a similar vein to Baudelaire. Secondly, if Swinburne’s intention truly was to dismiss and replace Baudelaire, it would be illogical to compose an elegy rather than a criticism, for instance. Swinburne places great emphasis on his imagery of Baudelaire as being s ilent in his death, ‘unmelodious mouth,’ ‘silent soul,’ something which works as a kind of self-promotion in its suggestion that Swinburne himself will be the one to carry on his ‘song,’ rather than replace it. Returning to Swinburne’s references to Baudelaire throughout the poem, these are often vague, and his allusions could be missed by a less critical reader. Therefore, this puts into question whether the poem can in fact have meaning without understanding of the dead poets’ influence on it. If by ‘meaning’ we examine what Swinburne is trying to communicate to his reader, then naturally the reader can understand the sentiment of mourning: ‘O sleepless heart and sombre soul unsleeping, that were a thirst for sleep and no more life.’ Swinburne here uses classic images associated with death and mourning, these being ‘soul,’ ‘sombre,’ and ‘sleep,’ all of which convey general lament without reference to Baudelaire whatsoever. In this sense the reader understands the grief contained in the poem organically without acknowledging the references to past artists, something which some might conclude is a better way of r eading the poem. However, whilst we can assure that meaning of the poem is not wholly dependent on its references to poets and artists of the past, it is fair to say that the meaning is not complete without acknowledging and understanding these. For instance, Swinburne references ‘Orestes and Electra,’ who were written about in Greek mythology. Swinburne mentions that neither of the two is mourning Baudelaire’s death, a seemingly jarring thing to place in an elegy if one is not aware of the myth behind it. Orestes and Electra, after their father was murdered, wanted resurrection for him. McGann argues that ‘Orestes and Electra, by wanting resurrection for their father, are also seeking deadly revenge. By contrast, Baudelaire is not involved in such a redemptive project.’ Whilst Orestes and Electra do not mourn because they hope for resurrection, Swinburne retains no such delusion about Baudelaire. In consequence, a reader who was not aware of the myt h behind Orestes and Electra would not pick up on this point, gaining meaning from the poem, but meaning that is not fulfilled or complete as it would be were the reader to appreciate the references to other artists and works within it. The notion that Swinburne, unlike Orestes and Electra has accepted Baudelaire’s passing is one which is exemplified throughout the poem; he is neither in disbelief nor has any delusions about Baudelaire’s return, whose ‘days are done’ and has ‘past the end.’ Similarly, his language throughout is fairly detached and the presence of his own lament is minimal; instead, the focal point appears to be Baudelaire’s own feelings: ‘if life was bitter to thee, pardon,’ ‘content thee.’ Whilst this asserts T.S Eliot’s notion that his poem is dedicated purely to the appreciation of Baudelaire and his work, it raises the question of why Swinburne chose to write an elegy over any other literary form. The appreciation of Baudelaire and his work may, for instance have been just as evident in a prose piece, or a ballad. However, we again return to Swinburne’s putting to rest of Baudelaire; the elegy allows him to mo urn his passing and appreciate his work in a formal way, but at its end, effectively bury him and take his place. Furthermore, through the simple act of writing the elegy for Baudelaire and thus appreciating his work, Swinburne binds himself to the dead poet, again giving himself a leg-up to stand on the shoulders of Baudelaire and his work. After careful examination, Swinburne’s elegy begins to seem less constructed from a deep sense of grief for the loss of Baudelaire and more a kind of self-driven advertisement. Where this might be more viable if Swinburne had written ‘Ave Atque Vale’ at the beginning of his career, he was already a fairly well-established poet by the time of its publication. This tells us that Swinburne must have composed the poem out of at least some sense of personal loss, and that whilst undoubtedly being a way to set in stone his place in the literary canon, it is also a work of genuine appreciation for Baudelaire. As is true for innumerable literary works, Swinburne was clearly influenced by Baudelaire’s work as well as Greek myth, and the meaning of his elegy cannot be comprehended in a complete way if the influence of both these things is negated in our analysis of it. Additionally, it seems entirely viable that in T.S Eliot’s words, it is Swinburne’s à ¢â‚¬Ëœrelation to the dead poet’ which was accountable for his own significance and success as a poet, making his elegy a combination of both appreciation for the dead poet alongside his own endeavour to continue in his footsteps.

Vaccines In Modern Society - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 4 Words: 1251 Downloads: 3 Date added: 2019/08/07 Category Medicine Essay Level High school Tags: Vaccines Essay Did you like this example? Vaccines have been around since Jenners success had spread throughout the world in the early 1800s. Jenner successfully created the small pox vaccine. When the word spread that there had been a successful small pox vaccine created, Massachusetts became the first state to persuade its residents to get the vaccine. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Vaccines In Modern Society" essay for you Create order After this vaccine had its success, creating vaccinations against deadly diseases became more common. When vaccinations became more common and states started enforcing them many people became upset and started the Anti-Vaxx movement. When the Anti-Vaxx movement was created parents started refusing to get their children vaccinated which ultimately lead to rare disease outbreaks. With the many outbreaks, I believe childhood vaccinations should be mandatory as they keep rare diseases at bay and protect those who are immunocompromised. Vaccinations not only protect your child, but they also protect loved ones, and other children. Vaccines work by developing your immunity against rare diseases by imitating an infection. After receiving a vaccination your body produces T-lymphocytes and antibodies against that virus. After the imitating infection has left your body, your body then remembers how to fight the disease you were vaccinated against. There two different types of vaccines, live vaccines and inactivated vaccines. Live vaccines contain a version of the living virus that has been weakened so that it does not cause serious disease in people with healthy immune systems (CDC, 2013). Inactivated vaccines are pathogens that have been destroyed so they are unable to replicate. Due to the vaccines being inactive they almost always require boosters in order for your body to develop immunity. Vaccines have many benefits that outweigh the risks. Since childhood vaccinations are such a highly controversial and debatable topic the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention have listed some of the most important reasons for vaccinating your child. Reason one is they can save your childs life. Reason two is vaccines are safe and effective. Reason three vaccines protect others and the immunocompromised. Reason four they protect future generations. These four reasons the cdc has listed to get your child vaccinated are very important for you and your family to understand. Vaccines can save your childs life. When a child receives a vaccination, it builds their immunity against that virus. After receiving a vaccination, the body doesnt recognize the virus and their bodies begins creating antigens which ultimately builds their immunity. So, if your child is ever exposed to that virus their immune systems memory will remember how to fight that virus off without causing any harm. Vaccines are safe and effective. In order for a vaccine t o be used its thoroughly gets reviewed and tested by scientists and multiple professionals in the healthcare field. Vaccine development is a long, complex process, often lasting 10-15 years and involving a combination of public and private involvement (History of Vaccines, 2018). The vaccine testing and approval process consists of six different steps. Once those six steps are successfully completed then the U.S. Food and Drug Administration is responsible for regulating vaccines in the United States (cdc, 2015). Exploratory Stage Pre-Clinical Stage Clinical Development Regulatory review and approval Manufacturing Quality Control Vaccines protect others and the immunocompromised. Vaccines protect those who are too young to receive them due to infancy and protects those who are unable to be vaccinated due to medical reasons. Vaccines are among the most effective tools available for preventing infectious diseases and their complications and sequelae (Omer, Saad 2007). Due to individuals being too young or those who are unable to receive vaccines it is our job to vaccinate those who are eligible in order to keep rare diseases at bay. Keeping rare diseases at bay allows those individuals to live without the fear of contracting a potentially deadly virus. Â  Vaccinations will protect future generations from the diseases that we have today. Just like we are protected from small pox, measles, and polio. Smallpox vaccination eradicated that disease worldwide. Your children dont have to get smallpox shots anymore because the disease no longer exists anywhere in the world (cdc, 2017). With the increase in the anti-vaxx movement there has been an increase in measles cases. With having these sporadic measles outbreaks, overall it is not protecting the future generations. Even with the supporting evidence as to why and how vaccines protect us, there are still many people that are very skeptical about vaccines. Which many of these people choose to either delay or not vaccinate at all. When people started receiving the small pox vaccine that is when concern grew about vaccinations and not long after is when the anti-vaxx movement began. Today many individuals believe in the anti-vaxx movement. These people think completely opposite of those who believe in vaccinations. They believe that receiving vaccinations does more harm than good to their children. There are many reasons as to why people think vaccines are harmful, for example they believe that the ingredients in vaccines are dangerous, causes autism, and a violation of parental rights. Even though vaccines take years to make and get approved people believe that the ingredients that vaccines contain such as thimerosal, formaldehyde, neomycin, and aluminum are dangerous to the human body. These ingredients all have different purposes in creating a vaccine. Even though these ingredients themselves in large quantities are dangerous the tiny amount in a single vaccine does not cause any harm to the human body. Before vaccines are released to be used The Food and Drug Administration looks at the results of these tests to decide whether to license the vaccine for use in the United States (vaccines.gov, 2017). Another reason is people believe that the MMR shot causes autism. Dr. Andrew Wakefield published his infamous article in The Lancet linking autism with the MMR vaccine, causing a public outcry against all childhood vaccinations (McLeod, Corinne 2014). Years later we are still seeing the repercussion of this article. After years of people believing Wakefields study, research has shown that his study was wrong in many ways and ended up being removed in 2010. With the many studies done studies have shown that there is no link between receiving vaccines and developing ASD (cdc, 2015). The third reason is people believe that its a violation of parental rights. Many schools have strict school vaccine requirements. All states permitted medical exemptions from school immunization requirements, 48 states allowed religious exemptions, and 21 states allowed exemptions based on philosophical or personal beliefs (Omer, Saad 2007). With those being the three big reasons why people dont agree with vaccinations the vaccination rate is decreasing. The anti-vaxx movement is dangerous in many ways. With the vaccination rates decreasing there has been multiple recent rare disease outbreaks such as the measles virus. These outbreaks are among persons who refused vaccinations and are spread rapidly within the unvaccinated populations (Omar Saad, 2007). With more people choosing not to vaccinate this leads the potential to start seeing more rare diseases. With vaccinations being such a hot and controversial topic in the United States, there are two different views on them such as pro-vaccine and anti-vaccine. Those who believe in pro-vaccine believe that the benefits outweigh the risks and its doing more good for their child than harming them. People who are anti-vaccine believe that vaccines are doing more harm than protecting them since they have dangerous ingredients and side effects such as the MMR vaccine causing autism. I personally am pro-vaccine. I believe that the benefits of vaccines outweigh the risks tremendously. Our job as a whole is to educate the importance of vaccinations and how they protect us.

Harlem Children s Zone Promise Academy Essay - 1348 Words

Every student must have an equal opportunity to free, fair, equitable, and rigorous education. As educators we must strive to provide students with the best education we possibly can as teachers, community members, administration and policy makers. In order to provide equitable education all learners must be taken into consideration when designing curriculum, lessons, courses and school structure. Harlem Children’s Zone Promise Academy II high school is a charter school in the middle of Harlem, New York. The students come from areas all over the five boroughs and even New Jersey to become a part of the HCZ organization. The school promises that if the students stay in school they will graduate and go to college. Students and parents will go to great lengths to win the lottery system that allows them entry to the school. In the school each classroom has a smart board with speakers that is positioned in front center of the room. The teachers are outfitted with a MacBook laptop t hat they can travel with and hook up to the smart board. These computers are equipped with smart notebook, which allows them to write on slides, insert videos, graphs and even games. Teachers use Google Drive to upload lesson plans, documents and materials into a shared folder. Each classroom has a bookshelf full of text books pertaining to the main teachers subject. Some books are Advanced Placement and some for Regents material. There are teacher editions and even DVDs for resources in theShow MoreRelatedEducational Leaders And Public Policymakers4023 Words   |  17 PagesChild- Parent Centers indicate that children who attended preschool were comparatively ahead in early reading and math skills (Barnett M. N., 2013). Similar studies have also revealed that depending upon various factors; such as preschool quality, social class and race, educational boost can continue through K-12 and well into adulthood. Various studies have shown that high-quality preschool saves schools and states money, and provide long-term benefits to children and communities (Magnuson, 2013;

Business Capstone Project Coca Cola Amatil

Question: Chapter 1 (4-5pages) Introduction: From Assignment 01 include: Your business research topic. What is your topic and what is its business significance. A brief background/literature discussion of your topic. Provide a list of research questions for the identified business problem or opportunity. A brief description of the research methodologies and techniques to be used for the research project. What research methodology will you use? A description of the research process. What will be the steps in your project? Outline describing what will be in each chapter of the report. Chapter 2 (8-12 pages)Literature Review: From Assignment 02 include: Introduction to Literature Review: Start with introduction which includes a list of the topic you will do a literature review on, what your hypotheses are from these topics that you are starting out with. Topic 1: Define your 1st key word or phrase. Provide strengths and weaknesses from literature about the topic. Provide at least 4 references. Analyse your hypothesis about this topic and discuss your conclusion. Topic 2. Define your 2ndkey word or phrase. Provide strengths and weaknesses from literature about the topic. Provide at least 4 references. Analyse your hypothesis about this topic and discuss your conclusion. Topic 3: Define your 3rdkey word or phrase. Provide strengths and weaknesses from literature about the topic. Provide at least 4 references. Analyse your hypothesis about this topic and discuss your conclusion. Topic 4: Define your 4thword or phrase. Provide strengths and weaknesses from literature about the topic. Provide at least 4 references. Analyse your hypothesis about this topic and discuss your conclusion. Conclusion to Literature Review Chapter 3 (6-8 pages)Data Collection and Analysis Introduction to Data Collection and Analysis Data Sampling Method. How will you get the data you need to test your hypotheses? What tools or devices will you use to make or record observations?How will you choose the sample? What degree of accuracy or level of confidence can you guarantee? Data Analysis. What combinations of analytical and statistical process will be applied to the data?Which of these will allow you to accept or reject your hypotheses? Conclusion to Data Collection and Analysis Chapter 4 (3-5 pages)Discussion of Results Discussion on Hypotheses. Was your initial hypothesis supported or rejected? Why? Discussion on Literature and Research Results. What are the implications of your findings for the theory base, for the background assumptions, or relevant literature? Recommendations. What recommendations result from the work? Chapter 5 (1-2 pages)Conclusion and Future Work Conclusion: Brief summary connecting your business research topic to your research results Future Work: What suggestions can you make for further research on this topic? Answer: Introduction Business Research Topic Employee empowerment is the mean of providing some degree of autonomy and responsibility to the employees in terms of allowing them organizational decision-making process (Fernandez and Moldogaziev 2013). It allows organizational decision to be made at lower level, where employees face unique view of problems in organization. Empowered employees have their potential to reach at high level of productivity with the feeling of control in their job. Key ingredient in employee empowerment is solid support system, which minimizes the complexity level of the job faced by employees (Appelbaum et al. 2015). It in turn increases organizational performance. However, with the intension of increasing profit, organizations are more focused on giving less flexibility to the employees and surrounding them with strict policies. Empowered employees are more likely to embrace organizational change initiated towards the growth of the organization. A sense of being valued would lead the employees to accommodate quickly with coming changes of the organization. In such situation, organization should keep constant and open communication with the employees regarding the rationality of the changes (Men and Stacks 2013). The feel of comfortable exchanging of ideas fosters teamwork in the organization. These teamwork activities ultimately increase organizational productivity through shared workload. Collaboration often allows employees to achieve much more than any one employee can achieve individually. Empowered employees are also less likely to leave organization and thereby, reduce employee turnover in the organization. The organization chosen for the research is Coca Cola Amatil, which is one of the largest bottlers of non-alcoholic beverages in Asia-Pacific. After 2014, it has been found that the leaders of Coco-Cola Amatil are demonstrating poor leadership (Ghosh 2013). They do not provide any rewards and recognition for their career pathways. Apart from that, the organization do not allow them in any major decision making process. This system is gradually decreasing the employee morale and employee productivity. This research will evaluate the impact of employee empowerment on the performance level of Coca Cola Amatil. Organizational Background Coca Cola Amatil is the largest bottler in Asia Pacific Region, who deals with diverse group of businesses. The organization operates in six countries including Australia, New Zealand, Indonesia, Papua New Guinea, Fiji and Samoa. The products of this organization include Coca Cola, Coca Cola Zero, Diet Coke, Sprite, Sprite Zero, Nestea, baked beans and canned tomatoes. As per the financial report of 2015, the organization has increased its revenue by 3.1 % (Ccamatil.com 2016). Excellent customer service has led the organization to earn enhanced organizational reputation and more profit. The financial report of 2015 has demonstrated an organization profit of A$79.9 million (Ccamatil.com 2016). Significance of the study The significance of the study lies upon emphasizing on the employee empowerment strategy of Coca Cola Amatil. The organization has been holding its reputation in the market through providing unique taste of beverage food. Inventing unique taste for the beverage foods needs incorporation of unique ideas from the part of employees (Namasivayam, Guchait and Lei 2014). Therefore, identifying employee empowerment strategy in extremely important to assess the overall organization performance of the organization. This research will also be emphasized on identifying solution for the issues related to employee empowerment in Coca Cola Amatil. Background of the study Employee empowerment is the most frequent topic of discussion about an organization because of its effect in overall organizational performance. Empowerment is given to the employees through providing them some authority in terms of sharing their opinion in organizational development process. Empowered employees have enough control over their job role and enthusiasm to accomplish those job roles. True and honest appreciation from the part of management let the employee to realize that hard work is actually valued (Elloy 2012). Therefore, employees are more encouraged to increase their productivity level and thereby increase overall organizational performance. Empowerment enables the employees to work independently by allowing them to apply their own knowledge and skills (Backhaus 2014). It enhances both personal and organizational success. Todays employees are more conscious about the value they get from their superiors than the benefit they get. However, most of the employers try to make the employees happy with monetary rewards. They are more concerned about compensate employees with monetary rewards than giving them some level of authority (Zeglat, Aljaber and Alrawabdeh 2014). However, only monetary rewards make employees partially happy, but if they are not provided with enough value, then they cannot be fully happy. Therefore, along with providing monetary rewards, organization should enough level of autonomy to the employees. The sense of freedom and work flexibility would make them enthusiastic to solve complex organizational issues in simple way. To begin with employee empowerment, organizations should value the employees as the part of their organization. Empowered employees always have authority to make decision without their supervisors. Employees, who are confident that their inputs will be valued by the organization, will more likely to share their innovative ideas towards organizational success. Empowered employees are more likely to provide exceptional customer service through open communication with them. In this way, it increases customer equity value and organizational reputation. Nevertheless, some organizations are now focused on earning more profit by overloading employee with works. Coca Cola Amatil is the most popular beverage organization in the Asia Pacific Region, but recently it is shifting from its employee empowerment strategy (Gazzoli, Hancer and Park 2012). The leaders of the organization are running autocratic leadership and always command on the work process of the employees. The employees are not getting enough space for showing their creativity. It has decreased the productivity level of the employees to an extreme level. Research Aims The aim of the research is to identify the impact of employee empowerment strategy on the overall organizational performance of Coca Cola Amatil. Research Objectives To identify the impact of employee empowerment strategy on overall organizational performance To evaluate the employee empowerment strategy in Coca Cola Amatil To examine the issues related to implementation of employee empowerment strategy in Coca Cola Amatil To provide suggestions for improving employee empowerment strategy in Coca Cola Amatil Research Questions What is the impact of employee empowerment strategy on overall organizational performance? What are the employee empowerment strategies in Coca Cola Amatil? What are the issues faced by Coca Cola Amatil, while implementing employee empowerment strategy? How employee empowerment strategies of Coca Cola Amatil can be improved? Research Methodology and Techniques This research study will be conducted through primary data collection method. Survey and interview strategy will be chosen for collecting authentic information regarding the research topic. In the survey method, information will be collected from chosen respondents. Survey questionnaires will be provided to the respondents and the respondent will provide their views according to the survey questionnaires. In the interview method, face-to-face interview will be arranged with the organizational heads for getting accurate organizational strategy. From the views of organizational heads, various empowerment suggestions will be drown out towards increases organizational performance. Random sampling technique will be applied for collect data from the respondents. In case of secondary data collection technique, various authentic journals, websites and books will be used for collecting relevant information of the research topic. In order to analyze collected data, statistical analysis techniq ue will be applied in this research study. Research Process Figure 1: Research Process (Source: Created by Author) Outline of the Research Study Chapter 1: Introduction: Research objectives and questions will be set for the research study in this chapter. Apart from that, this chapter will also provide background and significance of the research study. Chapter 2: Literature Review: This chapter will provide relevant information regarding the topic of the research. Information will be collected from various relevant and authentic journals, websites and books. Chapter 3: Data collection and Analysis: In this chapter, effective research methods will be chosen for gathering authentic information for the research topic. Effective research method will enhance the quality of research outcome. Chapter 4: Discussion of Results: In this chapter, accurate information will be extracted through research methodology. This chapter will convert general information to specific information. Chapter 5: Conclusion and Future Work: This chapter will be related to brief description about the research findings. Moreover, this chapter will also emphasize on future work to be accomplished in enhancing research quality. Chapter 2: Literature Review Introduction This chapter will define the topics that are most relevant for accomplishing the research. The topics that have been selected for this research are organizational creativity, employee performance, employee motivation and financial stability. This chapter will introduce each of the topics and identify the strengths and weakness. Against each of the topics, hypothesis has been formulated. With the explanation of each of the topics, relevancy with hypothesis will be justified at the end. Set of Hypotheses Hypothesis Set 1 H0: Employee empowerment has no impact on organizational creativity H1: Employee empowerment has huge impact on organizational creativity Hypothesis Set 2 H0: Employee empowerment has no impact on employee performance H1: Employee empowerment has great impact on employee performance Hypothesis Set 3 H0: Employee empowerment has no impact on employee motivation H1: Employee empowerment has impact on employee motivation Hypothesis Set 4 H0: Employee empowerment has no impact on financial stability of organization H1: Employee empowerment has huge impact on financial stability of organization Topic 1: Employee Empowerment on Organizational Creativity Definition and Theories Organizational creativity captures new ideas and knowledge towards transforming organizational design and organizational dynamics. The prime aspect of organizational creativity is to provide new insights to the employee for getting out of traditional organizational process. Another aspect of organizational creativity is to add some new perspective towards increasing organizational performance. According to Murari and Gupta (2012), organizational creativity provides innovative spirit to the employees for increasing overall organizational performance. On the other hand, Kim, Losekoot and Milne (2013) opined that creativity is all about learning the association between inner creative power and outer creative power of employees. The more employees have creative ideas in their mind, the more organization can bring creativity in their organizational process. However, the employees should be allowed in organizational decision-making process so that they can share their innovative ideas towa rds improving organizational performance. On the other hand, while organization is goes to adopt new and creative processes, some employees may be resistant to accommodate those processes. In such situation, providing enough rewards and recognition to the employees may help them in adopting creative organizational process. Herzberg motivation theory defines the two types motivational factors namely hygiene factor and motivational factor, which led them to share creative ideas and adopt creative ideas in the organizational process. According to Zeffane and Al Zarooni (2012), hygiene factors are defined in terms of proper pay, comfortable workplace condition, interpersonal relationship and status. According to the previous researcher, while the employees get comfortable workplace condition within the organization, then they can more concentrate on looking into work from different perspectives. Thus, they can bring creativity in their job roles. While, organization tries to incorporate some creative organizational processes towards increasing overall organizational performance, supporting employees is the best effort towards making employee acquainted with new process. On the other hand, Zhang et al. (2014) opined that motivational factors are related to recognition and growth opportunities. While employe es will have high sense of value, they will be highly interested to contribute towards organizational creativity. Figure 2: Herzberg motivation Model (Source: Pentareddy and Suganthi 2015) Strength and Weakness According to Phipps, Prieto and Ndinguri (2013) organizational creativity leads to incorporate new ideas and knowledge towards bringing innovation. It increases growth option and market share of the organization. On the other hand, Chiang and Hsieh (2012) opined that empowering employees in sharing creative ideas often solve complex problems occurred in organization. Therefore, organization can go further towards new development process by increasing its performance. It has been found that, Goodman Fielderin Australia openly allows employees in decision-making process. Thus, the organization overall organizational productivity has been increased by 39% by the year of 2014 from the year 2009 (Wong and Laschinger 2013). However, some weaknesses of employee empowerment on organizational creativity can be found in some extents. According to Taylor (2013), allowing too much employees in decision-making process may create biasness in overall decision-making process. On the other hand, Lati f et al. (2013) pointed out that empowerment may also mislead the behavior of employees, which can decrease organizational performance. From the above discussion, it can be said allowing capable and talented employees in organizational decision-making process bring creative ideas towards increasing organizational performance. Therefore, it can be said that the topic, organizational creativity, is appropriate for conducting the research. Impact of employee empowerment on employee performance Definition of Theory Employee empowerment comes when employees are given sufficient freedom, trust, power and autonomy for accomplishing their job-related task. Employee performance is defined in terms of the activities expected of a particular employee and how well they have accomplished those activities. According to Maynard, Gilson and Mathieu (2012), performance of the employees is increased in proportion to the values provided to the employees in their workplace. While, employees are provided with high sense of pride and ownership of work, they become more enthusiastic in accomplishing their job duties as per the organizational standards. On the other hand, Hempel Zhang and Han (2012) opined that a sense of achievement offered by management to the employees empower them to be more productive towards organizational success. McClelland theory defines three needs of the employee which management are to fulfill for empowering them towards increasing organizational performance. According to (Barrick et al. 2015), employees seeking high desire of achievement tend to perform at their peak to demonstrate their capability. However, these employees tend to stay at moderate situation by avoiding low risk and high risk. On other hand, Sun et al. (2012) opined that need of power or authority inspires the employees to work more towards organizational success so that they can be influential and effective in their workplace. Furthermore, Zhang and Zhou (2014) suggested that high need of affiliation drive the employees to perform activities that enhance interpersonal relationship. Therefore, they perform better client interaction and customer service. This ultimately leads to increased organizational performance. Figure 3: McClellands Theory of Needs (Source: Kim and Kim 2013) Strength and Weakness According to Shuck and Reio (2014), increases in individual employee performance have great influence on overall organizational performance. Employee empowerment provides enough support and high value to the employees for accomplishing complex task. On the other hand, Kmieciak Michna and Meczynska (2012) opined that the employees could also be motivated towards better organizational performance through providing lucrative promotional opportunity. However, weakness of empowerment on employee performance can be seen in the extent, where the employees wrongfully utilize the power given to them. From the above discussion, it can be said that empowering employees through high sense of value and promotional opportunity leads them to increase their performance level. Therefore, the chosen topic for hypothesis, employee performance, is appropriate for this research. Impact of employee empowerment on employee motivation Definition and Theory According to Michel, Kavanagh and Tracey (2013), employee empowerment has positive impact on employee motivation and lead to better organizational performance. Empowerment provides strong feeling of self-control and influential. The autonomy of choosing own work process increases the sense of responsibility of the employees. It creates confidence within employees and thereby, they can perform their job in a better way towards organizational success. On the other hand, Luoh, Tsaur and Tang (2014) opined that appreciation, flexible work environment and meaningful work not only increases employee enthusiasm level, but also increases employee commitment and employee creativity. Empowered employees tend to show special attention and accuracy in their job role. It has been found that Dick Smith Foods in Australia offers lucrative promotional opportunity to the employees on achievement of some specific goals within particular period (Camps and Lunaà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ Arocas 2012). In this way, t he organization has become successful in increasing the overall organizational performance through individual employee performance (Manzoor 2012). Maslows Need Hierarchy defines the hierarchical needs of the employees, which needs to be fulfilled for increased employee motivation. In the psychological need, managers require to provide comfortable work environment and sufficient breaks to the employees so that they can survive in the workplace. In the safety need, managers require to provide enough job security to the employees. While, the employees would feel secure in their job, they would better concentrate on their job and increase their performance level. In social need, managers are to create harmonious relationship among the employees to foster teamwork in the workplace. Effective teamwork ultimately increases employee productivity through accomplishing work with high sense of togetherness (Rahmdel and Rahmdel 2013). In self-esteem need, managers need to recognize the talented employees for their contribution in organizational success. A sense of recognition would lead the employees to achieve organizational performance i n better ways as per the standard of the organization (Hyland, Lee and Mills 2015). In self-actualization need, organizational managers require to provide opportunity to the employee for achieving their full potential. Figure 4: Maslows Need Hierarchy Model (Source: Ghosh 2013) Strength and Weakness According to Maynard et al. (2013), increasing level of motivation provided to the employees ultimately encourages the employees towards better productivity. On the other hand, Taylor (2013) opined that proper employee evaluation and recognition is the key ingredient of increased organizational performance. However, weakness of employee motivation is laid in lack of leaders ability to manage the employees. From the above discussion, it can be said that proper employee motivation through successful leadership can ultimately lead employees towards increasing organizational performance. Therefore, it can be said that the topic, employee motivation, is appropriate for conducting the research. Impact of financial stability on organization Definition and Theory According to Pantouvakis and Bouranta (2013), financial stability is one of the core aspects of an organization, as based on it the firm is able to develop its future capabilities. The management of large amount of money is known as finance (Su, Baird and Blair 2013). However, for a firm it becomes quite difficult to make a concrete analysis for future development through financial stability. Stability for an organization can only be achieved if the resources are segregated properly among the several dimensions of management (Wu and Chen 2014). For being stable, finance helps in upgrading the present scenario of an organization and helps in developing the human resource through several rewards and recognition. Figure 5: Financial Stability Model (Source: Garca-Morales et al. 2012) Strengths and weakness According to Shaw, Park and Kim (2013), financial stability helps in progressing the research, time and knowledge through significant decision-making considerations. In this way, an organization is able to stabilize its optimum asset usage. On the other hand, Van De Voorde, Paauwe and Van Veldhoven (2012) pointed out that while identifying the financial stability considerations, firms fail to predict the future prospects. This leads to poor financial management and ultimately employees are to face huge distresses. Shahzad et al. (2012) highlighted the fact that while an organization fails to stabilize the financial factors, it ties to reduce expenses by eliminating human resource. This creates and bad impact on the minds of employees. Therefore, from the above discussion, it can be said that financial stability has a direct impact on the organizational performance. Thus, if the employees are empowered through effective financial considerations, then surely they will be satisfied to perform better. Therefore, it can be said that the topic, financial stability, is appropriate for conducting the research. Conclusion While concluding it can be said that the four factors, organization creativity, employee performance, employee motivation and financial stability has direct impact on the organizational performance. From the discussion, it has been also found that employee empowerment has positive impact on each of the factors. If the employees are empowered and they are motivated, then surely the organization will perform better. Literature review gave the idea of each of the factors that will be necessary for developing the research. Questionnaires will be developed further considering these factors. Chapter 3: Data Collection and Analysis Introduction Research methodology is the sequential process for conducting the any research study. This chapter will introduce data sampling method through various data collection techniques and sampling techniques. Apart from that, this chapter will also introduce data analysis techniques to be used in evaluated the data collected from the respondents. Data Sampling Method Research Approach Research approach helps in collecting authentic information about the topic of the research. Inductive and deductive approach can be applied to gather authentic data. In case of inductive approach, new theories and models are needed to create for gathering accurate information of the research study. On the other side, in case of deductive approach, exiting theories and models can be applied to gather relevant regarding the topic of the research Farrokhyar et al. (2014). These theories and models can be applied to critically evaluate the research study for getting quality output. Deductive approach has beenchosen for this research study, as it consumes less time in completing the research study. Apart from that, it will also perfectly maintain the budget constraint of the research study. Research Design Research design assists in selecting appropriate method to be chosen for conducting the research study. Three types of research methods can be applied for conducting research study namely explanatory, exploratory and descriptive research design. Explanatory research design helps in identifying various research variables and the interdependency of those research variables upon each other. Interdependency of research variables assists in constructing suitable research questions and thereby, coming up with appropriate recommendation. Descriptive research approach assists in analyzing exact purpose of research study (Dumay and Cai 2015). This research purpose depicts the usefulness of the research study. On the other hand, explanatory research design identifies the relationship among different research variables. It also identifies the background of the research study. Explanatory research design has been chosen for the conducting this research study. It identifies the relationship among different variables of research study and thereby, enhances the quality of research output. Research Tools Effective research strategy assists in gathering most relevant information for conducting research study. Four types of research strategies can be applied in data gathering namely case study, focus group, survey and interview. Case study and focus group are used to gather secondary information from secondary sources (Zink 2012). This research study is dependent on interview and survey method, which are required for primary data collection. In these two methods, responses are collected from the selected respondents, which provide relevant information regarding the research topic. Data Collection Method Primary data collection method has been selected for this research study to collect authentic information. However, both primary as well as secondary data sources have been used to collect relevant information. In case of secondary data sources, websites, authentic journals and books have been used to collect data. On the other hand, in primary data collection, quantitative and qualitative techniques have been applied to gather data. In quantitative technique, data has been collected from the respondents through applying survey strategy (MacDonald 2012). Survey questionnaires have been provided to the respondents for getting authentic information about the research topic. On the other hand, in qualitative technique, information has been accumulated from the respondent through arranging interview with them. Sample Selection 50 employees of Coca Cola Amatil have been selected for the quantitative data collection technique. On the other hand, 3 managers have been selected for conducting qualitative data collection technique. Sampling Technique Simple random sampling technique has been chosen for this study to collect information from the respondents. In this sampling technique, respondents have been surveyed as per the convenience of the respondents. Data Analysis Technique Data analysis technique assists analyzing the collected data through appropriate analytical tools. Statistical analysis has been used for this research study to analyze the collected data. It has helped in converting the general information to specific information and thereby, it has enhanced the quality of research outcome (Zink 2012). In statistical data analysis, mean, median and mode have been selected to evaluate collected data. In this way, it allowed in accepting and rejecting the hypotheses set for the research study. 5-point Liker Scale has been utilized for conducting data analysis. Conclusion This chapter has introduced the research tools and techniques to be applied in collecting authentic information regarding the research topic. The application of various data collection techniques and sampling techniques has been described in this chapter. Apart from that, statistical analytical tools have been discussed here for evaluating the collected data. Chapter 4: Discussion of Results Discussion on Hypothesis Quantitative Questions Questionnaire 1: Service Tenure How long are you working in Coca Cola Amatil? Options No of response Response (%) Total respondents 0-1 Year 14 28% 50 1-2 Years 16 32% 50 2-3 Years 10 20% 50 3-4 Years 6 12% 50 4-5 Years 4 8% 50 Table 1: Service Tenure (Source: Created by Author) From the table, it can be identified that 60% of the employees are working for not more than 2 years. 32% of the employees are working within 1 to 2 years, which indicate that the organization is not able to retain its employees. Perhaps the employee empowerment may be the factor that is lacking in the organization, which will be further evaluated and justified in the following questionnaires. Figure 6: Service Tenure (Source: Created by Author) Questionnaire 2: Evaluation of Hypothesis set 1 How far do you agree that your creative ideas are valued by your organization? Options No of response Response (%) Total respondents Strongly agreed 5 10 50 Agreed 9 18 50 Neutral 4 8 50 Disagreed 19 38 50 Strongly disagreed 13 26 50 Mean Median Mode SD 3.52 4 4 1.328495 Table 2: Valuing Creative Ideas (Source: Created by Author) From the table, it can be found that mean value is 3.52. This indicates that 38%of the respondents are conflicting with 26% of the respondents. It can be also said that maximum response is on the negative side of the question. Therefore, it can be said that the organization does not value employee decisions and their creativity. This implies that employee empowerment is lacking in the organization. This result has been supported by SD value, which is 1.328494. The value is more than 1, indicating risk for the organization. Finally, it can be said that null hypothesis (H0: Employee empowerment has no impact on organizational creativity) is rejected. Figure 7: Valuing Creative Ideas (Source: Created by Author) Questionnaire 3: Evaluation of Hypothesis set 2 How far do you agree that employee empowerment in your organization is sufficient to increase your performance level? Options No of response Response (%) Total respondents Strongly agreed 8 16 50 Agreed 10 20 50 Neutral 3 6 50 Disagreed 17 34 50 Strongly disagreed 12 24 50 Mean Median Mode SD 3.3 4 4 1.446318 Table 3: Sufficiency of empowerment strategy (Source: Created by Author) From the table, it can be found that mean value is 3.3. This indicates that 6% of the respondents are conflicting with 24% of the respondents. It can be also said that maximum response (58%) is on the negative side of the question. Therefore, it can be said that in the organization,employee empowerment activities are not sufficient. The performance level of the employees is extremely low. This indicates that employee empowerment is not adequate in the organization. This result has been backed by SD value, which is 1.446318. The value is more than 1, indicating risk for the organization. Finally, it can be said that null hypothesis (H0: Employee empowerment has no impact on employee performance) is rejected. Figure 8: Sufficiency of empowerment strategy (Source: Created by Author) Questionnaire 4: Evaluation of Hypothesis set 3 Are you satisfied with the motivational strategies of your organization? Options No of response Response (%) Total respondents Highly satisfied 5 10 50 Satisfied 8 16 50 Neutral 4 8 50 Dissatisfied 15 30 50 Highly dissatisfied 18 36 50 Mean Median Mode SD 3.66 4 5 1.379293 Table 4: Satisfaction with Motivational Strategies (Source: Created by Author) From the table, it can be found that mean value is 3.66. This indicates that 30% of the respondents is conflicting with 36% of the respondents. It can be also said that maximum response (66%) is on the negative side of the question. Therefore, it can be said that in the organization, motivational activities are not adequate in number. In this organization, employee motivation is not supported by employee empowerment. This indicates that employee empowerment is not adequate in the organization. This result has been backed by SD value, which is 1.379293. The value is more than 1, indicating risk for the organization. Finally, it can be said that null hypothesis (H0: Employee empowerment has no impact on employee motivation) is rejected. Figure 9: Satisfaction with Motivational Strategies (Source: Created by Author) Questionnaire 5: Evaluation of Hypothesis set 4 How far do you agree that your organization is financially stable in respect to employee performance? Options No of response Response (%) Total respondents Strongly agreed 6 12 50 Agreed 8 16 50 Neutral 2 4 50 Disagreed 19 38 50 Strongly disagreed 15 30 50 Mean Median Mode SD 3.58 4 4 1.386377 Table 5: Financial Stability in Respect to Employee Performance (Source: Created by Author) From the table, it can be found that mean value is 3.58. This indicates that 38% of the respondent is conflicting with 30% of the respondents. It can be also said that maximum response (68%) is on the negative side of the question. Therefore, it can be said that the organization is not financially stable currently. Had there been financial stability, then surely amount of employee retention would have increased. Perhaps if there would have been financial stability, then employee empowerment activities could have been possible. This result has been backed by SD value, which is 1.386377. The value is more than 1, indicating risk for the organization. Finally, it can be said that null hypothesis (H0: Employee empowerment has no impact on financial stability of organization) is rejected. Figure 10: Financial Stability in Respect to Employee Performance (Source: Created by Author) Questionnaire 6: Recommendation determination In your opinion, which empowerment strategy would be helpful in increasing employee performance? Options No of response Response (%) Total respondents Allowing employee in decision-making process 16 32 50 Providing Support 5 10 50 Appropriate Recognition 10 20 50 Promotional opportunity 8 16 50 Providing Autonomy 11 22 50 Mean Median Mode SD 2.86 3 1 1.565052 Table 6: Empowerment Strategy (Source: Created by Author) From the above table, it can be identified that mean value is 2.86, which indicates 20% of the respondents are conflicting with 22% (providing autonomy). On the other hand, mode value is 32%, which indicates maximum response towards Allowing employee in decision-making process. Out of these three activities, it is quite confirm that the employees are extremely de-motivated. As employees are not entertained for decision making process hence employee empowerment is not achieved. This is a risk for the organization as SD value is more than 1. Figure 11: Empowerment Strategy (Source: Created by Author) Qualitative Question Question 1: Do you think employees are empowered in your organization in terms of decision making? As a response to this question, the manager indicated that employees are not considered as the part of decision-making process. From here, it can be understood that there has been a gap between the organizational decision and employee expectation. The employees are not valued in the organization and their decision is not granted. Thus, finally, it can be said that employees are de-motivated and not empowered in their entire tenure. Discussion on literature and Research Result Discussion with regards to Questionnaire 1 In the literature review, it has been found that if the employees are not motivated they cannot perform. One way to motivate employees is by empowering them. Here, it has been found that the organization is not able to retain its employees for more than 2 years. Thus, it needs to follow employee empowerment theories for retaining experienced employees. Discussion with regards to Questionnaire 2 From the Questionnaire 2, it has been identified that the median value is 4, which indicates that there is a scope of improving the 38% negative response towards positive. If the organization follows the Herzberg theory that has been described in the literature review section then it will be able to increase organizational performance. While considering the result, it is clear that the employees can be motivated if they are empowered. Discussion with regards to Questionnaire 3 From the Questionnaire 3, it has been identified that the median value is 4, which indicates that there is a scope of improving the 34% negative response towards positive. The organization has to follow McClelland theory that has been described in the literature review section. This will help in developing employee empowerment in the organization. Discussion with regards to Questionnaire 4 From the Questionnaire 3, it has been identified that the median value is 4, which indicates that there is a scope of improving the 30% negative response towards positive. The organization has to follow Maslows Need Hierarchy theory for motivating the employees. If the employees are made the part of decision-making process then they will be empowered. Discussion with regards to Questionnaire 5 From the Questionnaire 3, it has been identified that the median value is 4, which indicates that there is a scope of improving the 38% negative response towards positive. The organization has to follow financial stability so that they can reduce the burden from the employees. Discussion with regards to Questionnaire 6 From the Questionnaire 3, it has been identified that the median value is 3, which indicates that there is a scope of improving the 20% negative response towards positive. The organization has to follow the theories in literature review section so that risk pertaining in the organization is reduced. Recommendations Allowing employees in organizational decision making process Coca Cola Amatil should allow its employees in its decision-making process for providing them sense of value in the workplace. It will definitely boost employee morale and make them more enthusiastic towards greater productivity. Employee Autonomy Employees always like to have some level of freedom their workplace and try to control their job by their own. Therefore, the manager of Coca Cola Amatil should delegate some authority to the employees regarding their job role. It will increase the responsibility of the employees towards their work and surely increase employee performance. Employee Support Often, complex work given to the employees may reduce their performance level. In such situation, the leaders of Coca Cola Amatil should provide enough level of support to the employees. It will minimize the complexity level faced by the employees in their job. Thus, employee performance will be enhanced. Chapter 5: Conclusion and Future work Conclusion While concluding the study, it can be said that employee empowerment the level of autonomy provided to the employees in the workplace. Employee empowerment ultimately increases the organizational performance by allowing employees in decision-making process and getting innovative ideas from them. Though Coca Cola Amatil is successful in operating their business, it is concerned about the employee empowerment. Therefore, the employees are not enthusiastic in to increase their productivity level, which ultimately reducing the overall organizational performance. The employees of this organization are not at all satisfied with the existing empowerment strategy. Therefore, the organization should allow its employees in decision-making process and delegate some level of authority to the employees. Future work Research time and budget was short for conducting this research study. Therefore, investigation of too much information from the respondents was a kind of constraint for the research study. In order to improve the research study on the same topic in future, budget and time should be enhanced. 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Recyclable Styrofoam Tiles Essay Example

Recyclable Styrofoam Tiles Essay Styrofoam is an important part of the modern economy. Its a very versatile product, used for cups, plates, and even some interior decorating items. Another very popular use is that of packing material. Packing Styrofoam comes in either loose form, or as peanuts. As consumers, we use this product every day. However one has to understand that the utility of Styrofoam extends greatly from the common household purposes which we commonly attribute this product to. Architects often use Styrofoam in concrete form because it has air pockets that make it excellent as an insulator. In roofs and slabs, it works as lightweight and durable panels that prevent the elements from entering the interior. Whether it’s cold or heat, Styrofoam is an excellent source of insulating material. Even as an insulator of noise, this product is unsurpassed. Builders often use Styrofoam when creating a home theater areas or recording studios. Over the years, Styrofoam has managed to find its way into a growing number of industries as people become more familiar with its versatility and convenience. We will write a custom essay sample on Recyclable Styrofoam Tiles specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Recyclable Styrofoam Tiles specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Recyclable Styrofoam Tiles specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Architects, builders, home remodelers, and even homeowners use it for a wide variety of products and for many reasons. The shipping industry also makes good use of it to protect fragile items, or to prevent packaged items from moving around in the box. Moreover, Styrofoams are also gaining popularity in the recycling industry. A lot of investigations have been successfully done indicating the use of Styrofoams as an additive material to organic products like oyster shells in the production of ceramics, as well as in the production of glues and paints. With the known utility of Styrofoam to different areas comes the enthusiasm to probe on more avenues at which it can still be placed into good use. The researchers of this paper then thought of using the material as an additive ingredient to the production of concrete tiles and compare the finished product to the usual concrete tiles made without the addition of Styrofoam bits. The researchers also want to take into consideration the differing preferences of users when it comes to the characteristics of products such as density, thermal conductivity, or even texture. Thus, in this paper, they also intended to compare the characteristics of concrete walls using Styrofoam dissolved in gasoline as an additive ingredient. This paper therefore aims to determine two things – the feasibility of making concrete tiles using Styrofoam as an additive ingredient and the extent at which the characteristics of the products change if it were to be Styrofoam dissolved in gasoline is used. Such action extends to possible improvement of the characteristics of Styrofoam which has been proven to be great use in both households and industries. The possible changes on the basic characteristics of Styrofoam upon addition of limonene will enable prospective users to come up with a wider array of applications of the material. Statement of the Problem The research shall deal with the determination of the feasibility of making concrete tiles using pure Styrofoam and Styrofoam dissolved in gasoline as additive ingredients. The characteristics of the produced concrete walls shall also be determined and compared. Characteristics that shall be determined include the products’ color, density, texture, durability, and thermal conductivity. Concrete tiles without the addition of Styrofoam will be used as the controlled set-up while the two set-ups with both pure Styrofoam and the ones dissolved in gasoline shall be the experimental groups. The following questions shall be answered at end of the investigation: 1. What are the characteristics of controlled group? 2. What are the characteristics of the experimental groups? 3. Is there a significant difference on the characteristics of all groups? Hypothesis of the study 1. There is no significant difference on the characteristics of all groups in terms of color, texture, durability, and thermal conductivity. STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM The researcher aims to achieve the following objectives: 1. Determine the characteristics of concrete tiles in terms of its color, texture, durability, density, and thermal conductivity without any additive ingredient. 2. Determine the characteristics of concrete tiles in terms of its color, texture, durability, density, and thermal conductivity with pure Styrofoam and Styrofoam dissolved in gasoline as additive ingredients. 3. Compare the characteristics of all concrete tiles with and without additive ingredients in terms of the abovementioned specific characteristics. SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY With the promise that Styrofoam holds in the recycling industry comes the enthusiasm to further investigate on what other avenues can it be useful. Considering the insulating property of the said material, the researchers thought that it would be ground breaking to determine the feasibility of using the material as an additive ingredient to the production of concrete tiles. Moreover, the researchers also take into consideration the differing preferences of costumers when it comes to satisfaction. People would always want the best. But getting the best is relative. Thus, by determining the extents at which the characteristics of concrete tiles with Styrofoam be changed when gasoline is introduced we also open up possibilities on how to best improve products to suit the needs of customers. By coming up with an information on the changes that gasoline can make to the concrete tiles, prospect users are now given a wider array of Styrofoam applications. Such information is seen to benefit a number of stakeholders i. e. manufacturers of Styrofoam and the users of it as well. Moreover, this research shall become a baseline to future related investigations on the improvement on the characteristics of raw materials other than the subject used in the study. SCOPE AND LIMITATION In general, the focus of this study is directed towards two things – determination of the feasibility of using Styrofoam as an additive ingredient to the production concrete tiles and the comparison of the characteristics of concrete tiles with pure Styrofoam and Styrofoam dissolved in gasoline are used as additive ingredients. The method used in the production of concrete tiles is based on the procedure given by a mason interviewed by the researchers themselves. As to the amount of Styrofoam added, it shall be proportioned to the amount of sand to be added when the control group was made. Moreover, determination and comparison of characteristics shall extend to the samples’ color, density, texture, durability, and thermal conductivity. Dissolution shall be done through the use of gasoline, a hydrocarbon proven to dissolve polysterene. Determination of the mentioned characteristics shall be done in two ways – laboratory activity and survey. The former will be used to determine the density, durability, and thermal conductivity of the samples. A 30-respondent survey will be utilized to determine the color and texture of both samples. Definition of Terms STYROFOAM-A kind of expanded polystyrene. TILE-A thin rectangular slab of baked clay, concrete, or other material, used in overlapping rows for covering roofs. GASOLINE-Refined petroleum used as fuel for internal combustion engines. WOOD 1. The hard fibrous material that forms the main substance of the trunk or branches of a tree or shrub. 2. Such material when cut and used as timber or fuel. | | CHAPTER 2 REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE TILE | A tile is a manufactured piece of hard-wearing material such as ceramic, stone, metal, or even glass. Tiles are generally used for covering roofs, floors, walls, showers, or other objects such as tabletops. Alternatively, tile can sometimes refer to similar units made from lightweight materials such as perlite, wood, and mineral wool, typically used for wall and ceiling applications. In another sense, a tile is a construction tile or similar object, such as rectangular counters used in playing games (see tile-based game). The word is derived from the French word tuile, which is, in turn, from the Latin word tegula, meaning a roof tile composed of fired clay. Tiles are often used to form wall and floor coverings, and can range from simple square tiles to complex mosaics. Tiles are most often made from porcelain, fired clay or ceramic with a hard glaze, but other materials are also commonly used, such as glass, metal, cork, and stone. Tiling stone is typically marble, onyx, granite or slate. Thinner tiles can be used on walls than on floors, which require thicker, more durable surfaces. Ceramics for tiles Ceramics for tiles include earthenware, stoneware, or porcelain stoneware. Stoneware is harder and more durable than earthenware, and so more suitable for floors. Earthenware is often used for roof tiles. [citation needed] Roof tiles Roof tiles are designed mainly to keep out rain, and are traditionally made from locally available materials such as clay or slate. Modern materials such as concrete and plastic are also used and some clay tiles have a waterproof glaze. A large number of shapes (or profiles) of roof tiles have evolved. These include: * Flat tiles the simplest type, which are laid in regular overlapping rows. An example of this is the clay-made beaver-tail tile (German Biberschwanz), common in Southern Germany. Flat roof tiles are usually made of clay but also may be made of stone, wood, plastic, concrete, or solar cells. * Imbrex and tegula, an ancient Roman pattern of curved and flat tiles that make rain channels on a roof. * Roman tiles flat in the middle, with a concave curve at one end at a convex curve at the other, to allow interlocking. * Pantiles with an S-shaped profile, allowing adjacent tiles to interlock. These result in a ridged pattern resembling a ploughed field. An example of this is the double Roman tile, dating from the late 19th century in England and USA. * Mission or barrel tiles are semi-cylindrical tiles laid in alternating columns of convex and concave tiles. Originally they were made by forming clay around a curved surface, often a log or the makers thigh. Today barrel tiles are mass-produced from clay, metal, concrete or plastic. * Interlocking roof tiles are similar to pantile with side and top locking to improve protection from water and wind. Antefixes: vertical blocks which terminate the covering tiles of a tiled roof. Roof tiles are hung from the framework of a roof by fixing them with nails. The tiles are usually hung in parallel rows, with each row overlapping the row below it to exclude rainwater and to cover the nails that hold the row below. There are also roof tiles for special positions, particularly where the planes of the several pitches meet. They include ridge, hip and valley tiles. These can either be bedded and pointed in cement mortar or mechanically fixed. Similarly to roof tiling, tiling has been used to provide a protective weather envelope to the sides of timber frame buildings. These are hung on laths nailed to wall timbers, with tiles specially moulded to cover corners and jambs. Often these tiles are shaped at the exposed end to give a decorative effect. Another form of this is the so-called mathematical tile, which was hung on laths, nailed and then grouted. This form of tiling gives an imitation of brickwork and was developed to give the appearance of brick, but avoided the Brick Taxes of the 18th century. 1] History Fired roof tiles are found as early as the 3rd millennium BC in the Early Helladic House of the tiles in Lerna, Greece. [2][3] Debris found at the site contained thousands of terracotta tiles having fallen from the roof. [4] In the Mycenaean period, roofs tiles are documented for Gla and Midea. [5] The earliest finds of roof tiles in archaic Greece are documented from a very restricted area around Corinth (Greece), where fired tiles began to replace thatched roofs at two temples of Apollo and Poseidon between 700-650 BC. 6] Spreading rapidly, roof tiles were within fifty years in evidence for a large number of sites around the Eastern Mediterranean, including Mainland Greece, Western Asia Minor, Southern and Central Italy. [7] Early roof tiles showed an S-shape, with the pan and cover tile forming one piece. They were rather bulky affairs, weighing around 30Â  kg apiece. [8] Being more expensive and labour-intensive to produce than thatch, their introduction has been explained by their greatly enhanced fire resistance which gave desired protection to the costly temples. 9] The spread of the roof tile technique has to be viewed in connection with the simultaneous rise of monumental architecture in ancient Greece. Only the newly-appearing stone walls, which were replacing the earlier mudbrick and wood walls, were strong enough to support the weight of a tiled roof. [10] As a side-effect, it ha s been assumed that the new stone and tile construction also ushered in the end of Chinese roof (Knickdach) construction in Greek architecture, as they made the need for an extended roof as rain protection for the mudbrick walls obsolete. 11] Production of dutch roof tiles started in the 14th century when city rulers required the use of fireproof materials. At the time most houses were made of wood and had thatch roofing, which would often cause fires to quickly spread. To satisfy demand, many small roof tile makers began to produce roof tiles by hand. Many of these small factories were built near rivers where there was a ready source of clay and cheap transport. Floor tiles These are commonly made of ceramic or stone, although recent technological advances have resulted in rubber or glass tiles for floors as well. Ceramic tiles may be painted and glazed. Small mosaic tiles may be laid in various patterns. Floor tiles are typically set into mortar consisting of sand, cement and often a latex additive for extra adhesion. The spaces between the tiles are nowadays filled with sanded or unsanded floor grout, but traditionally mortar was used. Natural stone tiles can be beautiful but as a natural product they are less uniform in color and pattern, and require more planning for use and installation. Mass-produced stone tiles are uniform in width and length. Granite or marble tiles are sawn on both sides and then polished or finished on the facing up side, so that they have a uniform thickness. Other natural stone tiles such as slate are typically riven (split) on the facing up side so that the thickness of the tile varies slightly from one spot on the tile to another and from one tile to another. Variations in tile thickness can be handled by adjusting the amount of mortar under each part of the tile, by using wide grout lines that ramp between different thicknesses, or by using a cold chisel to knock off high spots. Some stone tiles such as polished granite, marble, and travertine are very slippery when wet. Stone tiles with a riven (split) surface such as slate or with a sawn and then sandblasted or honed surface will be more slip resistant. Ceramic tiles for use in wet areas can be made more slip resistant either by using very small tiles so that the grout lines acts as grooves or by imprinting a contour pattern onto the face of the tile. The hardness of natural stone tiles varies such that some of the softer stone (e. g. limestone) tiles are not suitable for very heavy traffic floor areas. On the other hand, ceramic tiles typically have a glazed upper surface and when that becomes scratched or pitted the floor looks worn, whereas the same amount of wear on natural stone tiles will not show, or will be less noticeable. Natural stone tiles can be stained by spilled liquids; they must be sealed and periodically resealed with a sealant in contrast to ceramic tiles which only need their grout lines sealed. However, because of the complex, non repeating patterns in natural stone, small amounts of dirt on many natural stone floor tiles do not show. Most vendors of stone tiles emphasize that there will be variation in color and pattern from one batch of tiles to another of the same description and variation within the same batch. Stone floor tiles tend to be heavier than ceramic tiles and somewhat more prone to breakage during shipment. Rubber floor tiles have a variety of uses, both in residential and commercial settings. They are especially useful in situations where it is desired to have high-traction floors or protection for an easily breakable floor. Some common uses include flooring of garage, workshops, patios, swimming pool decks, sport courts, gyms, and dance floors. Plastic floor tiles including interlocking floor tiles that can be installed without adhesive or glue are a recent innovation and are suitable for areas subject to heavy traffic, wet areas and floors that are subject to movement, damp or contamination from oil, grease or other substances that may prevent adhesion to the substrate. Common uses include old factory floors, garages, gyms and sports complexes, schools and shops. Decorative tilework and coloured brick Decorative tilework should be distinguished from mosaic, where forms are made of great numbers of tiny irregularly positioned tesserae in a single colour, usually of glass or sometimes ceramic. The earliest evidence of glazed brick is the discovery of glazed bricks in the Elamite Temple at Chogha Zanbil, dated to the 13th century BCE. Glazed and coloured bricks were used to make low reliefs in Ancient Mesopotamia, most famously the Ishtar Gate of Babylon (ca. 575 BCE), now partly reconstructed in Berlin, with sections elsewhere. Mesopotamian craftsmen were imported for the palaces of the Persian Empire such as Persepolis. Tiling was widespread in the time of the Sinhalese kings of ancient Sri Lanka, using smoothed and polished stone laid on floors and in swimming pools. Historians consider the techniques and tools for tiling as well advanced, evidenced by the fine workmanship and close fit of the tiles. [citation needed] Tiling from this period can be seen Ruwanwelisaya and Kuttam Pokuna in the city of Anuradhapura. Islamic tiles Early Islamic mosaics in Persia consist mainly of geometric decorations in mosques and mausoleums, made of glazed brick. Typical turquoise tiling becomes popular in 10th-11th century and is used mostly for Kufic inscriptions on mosque walls. Seyed Mosque in Isfahan (1122 AD), Dome of Maraqeh (1147 AD) and the Jame Mosque of Gonabad (1212 AD) are among the finest examples. [12] The dome of Jame Atiq Mosque of Qazvin is also dated to this period. The golden age of Persian tilework began during the reign the Timurid Empire. Single color tiles were cut into small pieces and assembled by pouring liquid plaster between them. After hardening, these panels were assembled on the walls of buildings. But the mosaic was not limited to flat areas. Jame Mosque in Yazd (1324-1365 AD) and Goharshad Mosque (1418 AD) are prominent examples of brick and tile mosaics of interiors and external surfaces of domes. [12] Islamic buildings in Bukhara (16th-17th century) also exhibit very sophisticated floral ornaments. Mihrabs, being focus points of mosques, were usually the places where most sophisticated tilework was placed. The 14th century mihrab at Madrasa Imami in Isfahan is an outstanding example of aesthetic union between the Islamic calligraphers art and abstract ornament. The pointed arch, framing the mihrabs niche, bears an inscription in Kufic script used in 9th-century Quran. [13] One of the best known architectural masterpieces of Iran is the Shah Mosque in Isfahan, from the 17th century. Its dome is a prime example of tile mosaic and its winter praying hall houses one of the finest ensembles of cuerda seca tiles in the world. Wide variety of tiles had to be manufactured in order to cover complex forms of the hall with consistent mosaic patterns. The result was a technological triumph as well as a dazzling display of abstract ornament. 13] During the Safavid period mosaic ornaments vere often replaced by a haft rang (seven colors) technique. Pictures were painted on plain rectangle tiles, glazed and fired afterwards. Besides economic reasons, the seven colors method gave more freedom to artists and was less time-consuming. It was popular until Qajar period when the palette of colors was extended by yellow and orange. [12] The Persianate tradition continued and spread to much of the Islamic world, notably the Iznik pottery of Turkey under the Ottoman Empire in the 16th and 17th centuries. Palaces, public buildings, mosques and turbe mausoleums were heavily decorated with large brightly coloured patterns, typically with floral motifs, and friezes of astonishing complexity, including floral motifs and calligraphy as well as geometric patterns. The zellige tradition of Arabic North Africa uses small coloured tiles of various shapes to make very complex geometric patterns. It is halfway to mosaic, but as the different shapes must be fitted precisely together, falls under tiling. Western tilework Medieval Europe made considerable use of painted tiles, sometimes producing very elaborate schemes, of which few have survived. Religious and secular stories were depicted. The imaginary tiles with Old testament scenes shown on the floor in Jan van Eycks 1434 Annunciation in Washington are an example. The 14th century Tring tiles in the British Museum show childhood scenes from the Life of Christ, possibly for a wall rather than a floor,[14] while their 13th century Chertsey Tiles, though from an abbey, show scenes of Richard the Lionheart battling with Saladin in very high-quality work. [15] Medieval letter tiles were used to create Christian inscriptions on church floors. Transmitted via Islamic Spain, a new tradition of azulejos developed in Spain and especially Portugal, which by the Baroque period produced extremely large painted scenes on tiles, usually in blue and white, for walls rather than floors. Delftware wall tiles, typically with a painted design covering only one (rather small) blue and white tile, were ubiquitous in Holland and widely exported over Northern Europe from the 16th century on, replacing many local industries. Several 18th century royal palaces had porcelain rooms with the walls entirely covered in porcelain in tiles or panels. Surviving examples include ones at Capodimonte, Naples, the Royal Palace of Madrid and the nearby Royal Palace of Aranjuez. There are several other types of traditional tiles that remain in manufacture, for example the small, almost mosaic, brightly coloured zellige tiles of Morocco and the surrounding countries. With exceptions, notably the Porcelain Tower of Nanjing, decorated tiles or glazed bricks do not feature largely in East Asian ceramics. The Victorian period saw a great revival in tilework, largely as part of the Gothic Revival, but also the Arts and Crafts Movement. Patterned tiles, or tiles making up patterns, were now mass-produced by machine and reliably level for floors and cheap to produce, especially for churches, schools and public buildings, but also for domestic hallways and bathrooms. For many uses the tougher encaustic tile was used. Wall tiles in various styles also revived; the rise of the bathroom contributing greatly to this, as well as greater appreciation of the benefit of hygiene in kitchens. William De Morgan was the leading English designer working in tiles, strongly influenced by Islamic designs. Since the Victorian period tiles have remained standard for kitchens and bathrooms, and many types of public area. Portugal and Sao Luis continue their tradition of azulejo tilework today. Notable among American tilemakers of the 1920s and 1930s were Ernest A. Batchelder and Pewabic Pottery. Pebble tile Similar to mosaics or other patterned tiles, pebble tiles are tiles made up of small pebbles attached to a backing. The tile is generally designed in an interlocking pattern so that final installations fit of multiple tiles fit together to have a seamless appearance. A relatively new tile design, pebble tiles were originally developed in Indonesia using pebbles found in various locations in the country. Today, pebble tiles feature all types of stones and pebbles from around the world, but are still generally associated with pebbles found in exotic locations. Ceiling tiles Ceiling tiles are lightweight tiles used in the interior of buildings. They are placed in an aluminium grid and they provide little thermal insulation but are generally designed to improve the acoustics of a room. Mineral fibre tiles are fabricated from a range of products; wet felt tiles can be manufactured from perlite, mineral wool, and fibers from recycled paper, stonewool tiles are created by combining molten stone and binders which is then spun to create the tile, or gypsum tiles which are based on the soft mineral and then finished with vinyl, paper or a decorative face. Ceiling tiles very often have patterns on the front face; these are there in most circumstances to aid with the tiles ability to improve acoustics. Ceiling tiles, especially in old Mediterranean houses were made of terracotta and were placed on top of the wooden ceiling beams and upon those were placed the roof tiles. They were then plastered or painted, but nowadays are usually left bare for decorative purposes. Digital tile Printing techniques and digital manipulation of art and photography are used in what is known as custom tile printing. Dye sublimation printers, inkjet printers and ceramic inks and toners permit printing on a variety of tile types yielding photographic-quality reproduction. 16] Using digital image capture via scanning or digital cameras, bitmap/raster images can be prepared in Photoshop and other photo editing software programs. Specialized custom-tile printing techniques permit transfer under heat and pressure or the use of high temperature kilns to fuse the picture to the tile substrate. This has become an increasingly popular method of producing custom tile murals for kitchens, showers, and commercial d ecoration in restaurants, hotels, and corporate lobbies. Diamond etched tiles A new method for custom tile printing involving a diamond-tipped drill controlled by a special type of computer. Compared with the laser engravings, diamond etching is in almost every circumstance more permanent. STYROFOAM Styrofoam is a trademarked brand of closed-cell extruded polystyrene foam currently made for thermal insulation and craft applications. It is owned and manufactured by The Dow Chemical Company. [1] In the United States and Canada, the word styrofoam refers to expanded (not extruded) polystyrene foam, such as disposable coffee cups, coolers, or cushioning material in packaging, which are typically white and are made of expanded polystyrene beads. 1] This is a different material from the extruded polystyrene used for Styrofoam insulation. The polystyrene foam used for craft applications, which can be identified by its roughness and by the fact that it crunches when cut, is moderately soluble in many organic solvents, cyanoacrylate, and the propellants and solvents of spray paint, and is not specifically identified as expanded or extruded. Another tradename for expanded polystyr ene is thermacol, originated by BASF. History In 1941, researchers in Dows Chemical Physics Lab found a way to make foamed polystyrene. Led by Ray McIntire, they rediscovered a method first discovered by Swedish inventor Carl Georg Munters. [2] Dow acquired exclusive rights to use Munters patents and found ways to make large quantities of extruded polystyrene as a closed cell foam that resists moisture. Uses Styrofoam is composed of ninety-eight percent air, making it light weight and buoyant. [3] Because of its insulating properties and buoyancy, it was adopted in 1942 by the United States Coast Guard for use in a six-person life raft. In 1971 a Dutch marine salvage company, Smit International, used styrofoam balls to refloat part of a wrecked bulk carrier, the London Valour. [4] Smit succeeded in towing the wreck for about 90Â  miles (140 kilometres) but it then sank, spilling large amounts of Styrofoam on the surface of the sea. [4] Styrofoam has since found a variety of uses. Dow produces Styrofoam building materials, including insulated sheathing and pipe insulation. The claimed R-value of Styrofoam insulation is five per inch. [5] Dow also produces Styrofoam as a structural material for use by florists and in craft products. 6] Dow insulation Styrofoam has a distinctive blue color; Styrofoam for craft applications is available in white and green. Styrofoam can be used under roads and other structures to prevent soil disturbances due to freezing and thawing. [7][8] Environmental effects The EPA (http://www. epa. gov/chemfact/styre-sd. pdf) and International Agency for Research on Cancer (http://www. inchem. or g/documents/iarc/vol82/82-07. html) have determined styrene as a possible human carcinogen. The National Bureau of Standards Center for Fire Research (http://www. ighcountryconservation. org/pdf/The%20Facts%20on%20Styrofoam. pdf ) found 57 chemical by-products released during the creation of Styrofoam. Styrofoam is something we use and see every day but don’t realize its negative presence. Styrofoam is created from benzene, along with several other chemicals, which is a petroleum product (i. e. , non-sustainable, heavily polluting, and scarce) and a known carcinogen. Pentane, which is also used in the creation of Styrofoam, contributes to urban smog and global warming. Styrofoam does not break down but lasts virtually forever. Very few recycling companies will recycle Styrofoam so the majority of the time it gets shipped to a landfill where it takes up a considerable amount of space. It breaks into small fragments, which can choke animals; over 100,000 marine animals die per year from Styrofoam and other plastic trash. Styrofoam covers more area in landfills than paper products do and will eventually enter back into the surrounding environment by water flow and wind. Additionally, millions of tons of polystyrene get incinerated and end up as airborne toxic ash. But just in case water contamination and clouds of toxic ash are not valid-enough reasons to convince you to bring in your reusable mugs, then maybe the potential health effects of Styrofoam will have an impact. Polystyrene foam has chemicals that leach out into the food or liquid (e. g. , acidic coffee) they contain. Styrene was found in 100 percent of all samples of human fat tissue taken as part of a U. S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Human Tissue Survey in 1986. There it can build up to levels that can cause reproductive problems, fatigue, nervousness, difficulty sleeping, blood abnormalities and even carcinogenic effects. The people who make polystyrene foam are most at risk to contract these harmful effects. Even McDonald’s phased out Styrofoam packaging for its hamburgers in 1989 in favor of the paperboard containers. Without any regulation on the production and sale of polystyrene products, the only way to stave off its negative environmental and health impacts is to act locally, one mug at a time. CHAPTER 3 METHODOLOGY Materials : Styrofoam 1 cup gasoline 1 beaker 1 stirring rod wood care (square) Procedures: a. ) First, put 1 cup gasoline to the beaker with Styrofoam . ) After 10 seconds or stirring it the Styrofoam will melt c. ) Then transfer it to the wood case (square), observe it in 1 week. d. ) After 1 week the gasoline and Styrofoam will perfectly become tiles Conclusion:Therefore we conclude that we can use Styrofoam and gasoline in making tiles. We cannot spend much money to buy or make a tiles. Caution: Do not use plastic up or anything that made of plastic as container. REFERENC ES: http://www. ehow. com/facts_6960753_history-styrofoam-cups. html#ixzz2aL3Mpj4x http://www. ehow. om/facts_6960753_history-styrofoam-cups. html#ixzz2aL3aZRGy http://alexandraoquendo. tripod. com/id2. html http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Styrofoam http://inventors. about. com/od/pstartinventions/a/styrofoam. htm http://www. jmt. in/history-of-expandable-polystyrene-eps. html http://highschoolprojects. blogspot. com/2007/12/how-to-make-tiles-using-gasoline-and. html http://wiki. answers. com/Q/How_does_the_styrofoam_melt_when_added_gasoline http://www. handpaintedtiles. org/html/brief_history_of_tile. html http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Tile